Women s Conflict And Epidemic Crisis - 2356 Words

In this essay, I will be discussing how women in Nigeria are vulnerable in conflict and epidemic crisis because religion and customs encourage male dominance limiting women’s rights. As a result, male groups believe they have power over women, as noticed in the kidnapping of student girls in Nigeria. Furthermore, women are entitled to follow customs and culture even if it endangers their health, as discussed in the Ebola crisis in Nigeria. However, if women disobey customs and culture they are abused and punished, resulting in gender based violence. Hence, women in Nigeria are vulnerable due to many factors, but education is a safeguard that is necessary to protect them. Therefore, in this essay, I will be arguing how women are vulnerable†¦show more content†¦The religions and customs in Nigeria support women as the â€Å"weaker sex† as it â€Å"attributes superiority to one sex [males] over the other [female’s]† (Ekhator 262-263). Furthermore, t he society supports this discriminatory attitude as there â€Å"are customs all over which discriminate against the womenfolk† (Ekhator 263). These discriminatory customs are evident in the â€Å"Mojekwu v. Ejikeme† case, which was about women not being able to receive their inheritance because they were women. However, Nigeria has some laws like Article eighteen which supports â€Å"the elimination of discrimination against women† (Ekhator 263). There are laws similar to article eighteen which support the end of gender inequality, even though there are laws that promote gender inequality. Furthermore, the government in Nigeria is promoting the end of gender inequality by â€Å"adopt[ing] the National Gender Policy† in order to change discriminatory laws (Ekhator 265). Finally, this article states how Nigeria is trying to become a gender equal society, but old customs and laws are still accepted by many promoting discrimination towards women, and thus mak ing them more vulnerable. As mentioned, women in Nigeria are

Women s Conflict And Epidemic Crisis - 2356 Words

In this essay, I will be discussing how women in Nigeria are vulnerable in conflict and epidemic crisis because religion and customs encourage male dominance limiting women’s rights. As a result, male groups believe they have power over women, as noticed in the kidnapping of student girls in Nigeria. Furthermore, women are entitled to follow customs and culture even if it endangers their health, as discussed in the Ebola crisis in Nigeria. However, if women disobey customs and culture they are abused and punished, resulting in gender based violence. Hence, women in Nigeria are vulnerable due to many factors, but education is a safeguard that is necessary to protect them. Therefore, in this essay, I will be arguing how women are vulnerable†¦show more content†¦The religions and customs in Nigeria support women as the â€Å"weaker sex† as it â€Å"attributes superiority to one sex [males] over the other [female’s]† (Ekhator 262-263). Furthermore, t he society supports this discriminatory attitude as there â€Å"are customs all over which discriminate against the womenfolk† (Ekhator 263). These discriminatory customs are evident in the â€Å"Mojekwu v. Ejikeme† case, which was about women not being able to receive their inheritance because they were women. However, Nigeria has some laws like Article eighteen which supports â€Å"the elimination of discrimination against women† (Ekhator 263). There are laws similar to article eighteen which support the end of gender inequality, even though there are laws that promote gender inequality. Furthermore, the government in Nigeria is promoting the end of gender inequality by â€Å"adopt[ing] the National Gender Policy† in order to change discriminatory laws (Ekhator 265). Finally, this article states how Nigeria is trying to become a gender equal society, but old customs and laws are still accepted by many promoting discrimination towards women, and thus mak ing them more vulnerable. As mentioned, women in Nigeria are

Women s Conflict And Epidemic Crisis - 2356 Words

In this essay, I will be discussing how women in Nigeria are vulnerable in conflict and epidemic crisis because religion and customs encourage male dominance limiting women’s rights. As a result, male groups believe they have power over women, as noticed in the kidnapping of student girls in Nigeria. Furthermore, women are entitled to follow customs and culture even if it endangers their health, as discussed in the Ebola crisis in Nigeria. However, if women disobey customs and culture they are abused and punished, resulting in gender based violence. Hence, women in Nigeria are vulnerable due to many factors, but education is a safeguard that is necessary to protect them. Therefore, in this essay, I will be arguing how women are vulnerable†¦show more content†¦The religions and customs in Nigeria support women as the â€Å"weaker sex† as it â€Å"attributes superiority to one sex [males] over the other [female’s]† (Ekhator 262-263). Furthermore, t he society supports this discriminatory attitude as there â€Å"are customs all over which discriminate against the womenfolk† (Ekhator 263). These discriminatory customs are evident in the â€Å"Mojekwu v. Ejikeme† case, which was about women not being able to receive their inheritance because they were women. However, Nigeria has some laws like Article eighteen which supports â€Å"the elimination of discrimination against women† (Ekhator 263). There are laws similar to article eighteen which support the end of gender inequality, even though there are laws that promote gender inequality. Furthermore, the government in Nigeria is promoting the end of gender inequality by â€Å"adopt[ing] the National Gender Policy† in order to change discriminatory laws (Ekhator 265). Finally, this article states how Nigeria is trying to become a gender equal society, but old customs and laws are still accepted by many promoting discrimination towards women, and thus mak ing them more vulnerable. As mentioned, women in Nigeria are

New Questions About College Essays Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About College Essays Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report A letter of accommodations from your house college needs to be sufficient documentation. You're able to easily cope with this! Open the word processing software you're using to compose your essay. Click the check box if you want to get a number on the very first page of the essay. College paper writing services can be the simplest approach to ease students' pain. College paper writing services of different companies find it impossible to match our expert services. The essay that's full of bad puns or off-color jokes will often wind up in the rejection pile. Also, humor isn't a replacement for substance. You also ought to make sure your essay is coherent your ideas flow and your arguments make sense. Just enable the ideas come out. It's important to prove that you can logically organize your thoughts. Also, essay writing takes a great deal of time, which you may be lacking. You want to generate the text depending on the heart of the essay made up on stage 2. The sort of the essay needs to be decided before formulating the thesis and writing thesis statement being they must match the kind of the attempt. Your essay needs to be something central to who you are as an individual. The Tried and True Method for College Essays in Step by Step Detail From just having a tough time to understand a specific topic, to going back to education after a very long break and not recognizing how to start with writing, many individuals are simply seeking support they are doing not have in different places. The entire procedure of applying to college is tricky from the beginning. It isn't for everyone and it's time that they make big life decisions on their own. Consequently, students are presently being asked to be more creative in their work also. What Does College Essays Mean? Naturally , regardless of what qualification you've chosen to get, academic success is crucial for your upcoming career. Colleges want to find a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. Parents, have a step back and give your student the opportunity to create their own decisions. In the 21st century, college interviews are lost on the best way to the VCR, in other words, they are usually employed. College essay help will help save you once you are in a tight spot. Order and purchase successful college essays to apply to get a college that you wish to study at. Quite simply, the college would like to wait to find out who else will apply before they decide whether to accept you. A frequent misconception of ASU's honors college is that it's just extra work. Deficiency of time Unlike in high school, students don't have a great deal of time to compose essays in college. Also, it's worthy to keep in mind that in college, most st udents pick up part-time jobs while some get involved in collegiate sports and other extracurricular pursuits. Colleges are more inclined to admit students who can articulate certain explanations for why the school is a superb fit about them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. A college essay can be exceedingly difficult so there isn't any reason to feel awkward when seeking help. Always make sure to answer the question. Initially, of course you're likely to have difficulty finding the correct resources to help you acquire a high-level perspective. For instance, a lot of colleges will request that you write about a person who has influenced you. For the reason, college essays are completely vital. They are great! The ideal college essays follow the directions perfectly. It's possible to easily get assistance with college essay from our company. It'll be obvious once the essay is read that you've done so. Essays ought to be poignant. Writing a college essay is not a simple endeavor for some. It is not an easy task.

Moneyball Paper free essay sample

How the Detroit Took Home-Field from the Yanks Many average fans view baseball as merely a game or another sport. But when you shift from an average fan to a baseball fan that idea changes quickly. Baseball fans, partially because of their obsession with statistics, are often view as more intellectual than their average counterparts. Furthermore, baseball fans are aware of what is happening in the game even if it can’t be seen watching the game on television. Both these traits can be fully derived from insight given in George Will’s Men at Work and Michael Lewis’ Moneyball. These books provide the reader with a detailed look at the inside of the game. By using that insight a baseball fan should be able to understand the various strategies and what events proved critical in any given game. Game 2 of the ALDS between the Detroit Tigers is a good example. We will write a custom essay sample on Moneyball Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While any fan would agree that it was a thrilling game it takes knowing the overriding themes of both these authors to understand what were the turning points that led Detroit to victory. Game 1 of this series did not go as expected. Intense rainstorms forced the game to be played over two days and greatly affected the managerial strategies enacted by both teams. Because rain cancelled the game Friday after only 1 and a half innings, both teams opted to bring in their scheduled Game 2 starters to finish the game when it resumed Saturday. New York ended up winning that game 9-3, and taking a 1-0 series lead. That delay, however, put managers Jim Leyland (Detroit) and Joe Girardi (New York) in a precarious situation. Would they choose to resend out their aces on a day’s rest and risk injury and fatigue or would they rely on their number three starter and face the fact that both team’s ace would pitch only one game this series? Joe Giradi decided on the former by sending Freddy Garcia to the mound, a seasoned veteran enjoying coming off a solid regular season (12 wins, 3. 62 ERA). Leyland had a tougher decision to make. The reason Scherzer was in the three spot to begin with is that Leyland wanted him to pitch in Detroit, where he has had much more success. Since Scherzer is a fly ball pitcher, he is best suited for a spacious ballpark like Detroit’s. Yankees Stadium is the exact opposite, with a close right field wall in a place built for home runs. In the end Leyland decided to go with Scherzer, who had already had some success against the Yankees that season. The Tigers wasted no time getting on the scoreboard as their opportunistic offense scored two runs in the top of the 1st. After Garcia recorded two outs and gave up a single to the first three batters he faced, Miguel Cabrera, Detroit’s MVP candidate and American League Batting Champion, stepped up to the plate. Cabrera, who had 9 hits in his 23 career at-bats against Garcia (including three homeruns) hit a two-run homerun to right field, a shot that would not have been a homerun in most ballparks. Garcia, however, recollected himself and ended the inning with an emphatic strikeout of Victor Martinez. Tigers 2, Yankees 0. In the bottom of the inning, Max Scherzer retired both the legendary Derek Jeter and MVP candidate Curtis Granderson before facing the Yankees number three hitter, Robinson Cano. Cano had dominated the night before, knocking in six runs with two outs in a Yankees’ rout. To avoid potential disaster, Scherzer refused to throw Cano anything he could hit and walked him on four straight pitches. Scherzer then walked the next batter, Alex Rodriguez, and as Mark Teixeira approached the plate, the run thirsty Yankee fans went into an uproar. Facing a 3-1 count, Scherzer induced Teixeira to fly out, and successfully survived his first jam of the evening. Tigers 2, Yankees 0. The next couple innings were defined by dominant pitching. After a 1-2-3 out 2nd, Garcia gave up a two out single to Magglio Ordonez in the 3rd, his second in two at-bats. The threat was avoided though when Alex Rodriguez made a tremendous diving catch to record the third out.

Medical Condition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder abbreviated as ADHD is a behavioral disorder prevalent among children and often persists into adulthood if untreated. Controversies surround this ailment includes causes and appropriate treatment program available. Since the beginning of1970, treatment and diagnosis of ADHD has remained a debatable issue among teachers, clinicians, policymakers, and the media.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Condition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is difficult to ascertain actuality of ADHD, causes, and effectiveness of stimulant medications prescribed by medics. In America, it is universally accepted by medical practitioners that ADHD is a medical disorder affecting behavioral patterns. In 1998, the American Medical Association concluded that ADHD diagnosis is carried out on the facets of external observable resea rch, which when critically monitored, may lead to a reliable result. Thus, this research essay attempts to confirm that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a medical condition affecting childhood behavior. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD is a behavioral conditional disorder affecting an estimated eight to ten percent of school going children. Generally, this condition is three times likely to affect boys than girls. However, research done so far is unclear on the reasons surrounding the variance of gender in prevalence rate. Reflectively, children suffering from ADHD are prone to acting with improper coordination between action and consequence (Andrew, 2006). Besides, they are hyperactive and not keen to focus on interactive discussion. Though they understand expectations from parents, peers, and teachers, there is serious trouble in interpreting and following the expected due to restlessness. Thus, the victim cannot sit still, attends to fine details, or pay a ttention (Andrew, 2006). As a matter of fact, children of younger age exhibit these behavior characteristics as described when happy, exited, or anxious. It is a common scenario to monitor behavior of younger children when with peers or in the house. However, for ADHD condition, these characteristics are prolonged and occur intently. ADHD ailment impairs the ability of a child to function academically, socially, and at home. From the findings of advanced scientific research, this condition is treatable. The treatment schedule influences ability to learn practical ways of comfortably managing and living with these symptoms (Bee Boyd, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, abbreviated as ADHD or ADD is a disorder of development and growth among children. The onset of ADHD symptoms is at the age before seven years. Globally, infection r ate stands at 3% to 5% among children. Besides, diagnosis rate in school going children is at 2% to 16%. Being a chronic condition, 30% to 50% of the infected children may exhibit persistent symptoms late into adulthood (Bee Boyd, 2011). Notably, adults and adolescents with this condition adopt coping mechanisms as a means of making up for their shortcomings. At present, the statistical estimate of America adults suffering from this ailment is at 4.7 percent (Bee Boyd, 2011). To carry out a standardized and non-biased screening, world bodies such as W.H.O have confirmed this as the official rate of infection. Specific medical conditions associated with ADHD ailment are unknown. However, twin studies reveal that this condition is hereditary with genetic factors accompanying 75% of all infections. In the findings of this research, gene combination affects dopamine transporters associate with behavior determinant code. For instance, LPHN3 gene is believed to influence occurrence of 9% of infections. Besides, environmental factors may contribute to dominance of ADHD in children. Reflectively, tobacco and alcohol exposure at pregnancy may lead to the infant being infected. Nicotine from tobacco depletes oxygen rich blood from reaching the fetus staving it of oxygen (Andrew, 2006). As a result, hypoxia is likely to trigger premature delivery and damage to the baby’s head. Victims of ADHD have prevalent rates of injuries on the head than others. Moreover, infections occurring at delivery and early infantry are also contributory factors. Viruses such as varicella, rubella, measles, and entrerovirus 71 alongside streptococcal infections are secondary agents of ADHD disease (Bee Boyd, 2011). In the findings of the American Medical Association research, carried out in 2007 and 2010, it revealed that insecticides of organophosphate chlorpyrifos form used in treatment of vegetables, affects infant physical and behavioral coordination. Done on a sample of one thousan d and one hundred children of age eight to fifteen, urine samples revealed that those with higher concentration of organic dialkyl, a breakdown product of phosphoric pesticides, were more likely to be infected with ADHD.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Medical Condition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, in a study carried out in 2007 by Southempton linked hyperactivity to sodium benzoate used in America as a food color preservative. Children who consume large quantities of artificial food are at risk of infection. This is because artificial food is often preserved with large quantities of harmful benzoate preservatives. Notwithstanding, the W.H.O has indicated that this ailment is as a result of family dysfunction and inconsistencies in system of education. For instance, complex post Traumatic stress disorder and sensory integration dysfunction may trigge r individual psychopathology climaxing with an onset of ADHD infection (Andrew, 2006). Neglecting or abusing children for a longer period of time may trigger frustrations and overwhelming behavior inconsistency. Patho-physiology reveals that ADHD is associated with the brain malfunctioning. Therefore, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention are symptoms of brain disorder especially in the dorsal anterior cortex. Victims of this ailment exhibits predominant delay in brain response to stimuli causing them to mature at a rate higher than that of normal children (Bee Boyd, 2011). Consistent diagnosis of ADHD infection is inclusive of psychiatric, physical, laboratory, and radiological imaging examinations. For instance, the American Psychiatric Association has classified diagnosis on three facets. These facets explore the symptom characteristics displayed by the victims who are children, teenagers and adults. Irrespective of the age bracket, this ailment displays more or less the sa me symptoms depending on maturity and environmental influences. Classification of ADHD ailment relies on the nature of persistence of symptoms associated with it. For instance, irresponsiveness to impulse control may signify a developmental or growth lag. By use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, scientists and psychologists have discovered an acceptable prefrontal cortex estimating the onset of this ailment between three and five years of age. However, this condition is behavior controlled and not neurological. Psychologists describes ADHD as a disruptive behavioral disorder (Bee Boyd, 2011) consisting of conduct, antisocial, and oppositional defiant disorder (Bee Boyd, 2011). The three subtypes of ADHD include the impulsive, inattentive, and impulsive-inattentive order. Patients who suffer from hyperactive impulsive ADHD are predominantly normal and only display partial symptoms in lifetime. However, those in inattentive class, especially children, experience challenges when interact ing with peers and are prone to retreat into their own world quietly without realizing it. Due to this, this victim may not receive attention from parents, teachers and peers. A combination of impulsive and inattentive types is referred to as a full blown ADHD condition (Andrew, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In childhood, victims of this condition are easily distracted, forgetful, cannot maintain focus in a single task, easily bored, and seem to be distance when being spoken to. Besides, the victim becomes restless and destructive in the house and at school. Often, parents with children suffering from this ailment do complain of them being over-destructive, inattentive, and struggle to follow simple instructions. When seated, these children squirm a lot and talk nonstop. Within a short time, they dash out and touch everything in sight. In addition, the impaired is prone to restlessness during dinner and story time. Moreover, given the slightest opportunity, the child is likely to remain in motion constantly. Also, when in companion of peers, the impaired is unable to exercise patient in game turns and make inappropriate hurting comments on friends (Bee Boyd, 2011). At teenager, ADHD patient is prone to making careless mistakes in academic work, peer interaction, and decisions. The first symptom is predominant failure to complete homework, exams, and co-curriculum activities. In addition, careless in organizing work of scheme creeps in and forgetful dominate (Andrew, 2006). Moreover, when not in classroom, the impaired is prone to excessive talking accompanied by rebellion when faced by a disagreeing opinion. Generally, there is a feeling of restlessness and an urge to interrupt or intrude a conversation. Regardless of treatment, adolescent victims of full blown ADHD are prone to academic failure. In America alone, 37% of ADHD victims fail to secure high school diploma even when learning in special education programs with only 5% acquiring college degree. Besides, they are at higher risk of injury, auto crashes, earlier conjugal activities, teen pregnancy, and higher expenses on medical treatment (Andrew, 2006). In adults, ADHD infection is characterized by persistent lack of self-motivation and control. As a matter of fact, such an adult is impulsive, inattentive, and hyperactive when interacting with peers. Full blown infection symptoms in adult includes occupational inconsistency, education failure, sexual malfunctioning, poor social relationships, failed marriage, inconsistent dating tendencies, irresponsible parenting, psychological morbidity, frequent drugs and internalized crime activities, and poor financial management skills (Bee Boyd, 2011). Treatment of ADHD consists of psychosocial behavior counseling and therapies such as cognitive, interpersonal, family support, training on social skills, and interventions in school. Besides, short term stimulant medication is by choice. Atomoxetine stimulants are recommended by medics for preschool victims. To manage this condition, an array of medical, behavioral, counseling, and lifestyle modification is the best combination. The hurdles towards ADHD sustainability lies on difficulty to separate its symptoms from other ailments and inefficient training for medical staffs on the best practices of treatment and assessment in patients of adult age (Bee Boyd, 2011). Research indicates that 60% of childhood ADHD infections go into adulthood. However, many of these adults remain untreated. Due to un-treatment, the symptoms develop into disorganization, alcoholism, drug abuse, and chaotic lifestyle. Besides, the victim is at risk of developing anxiety disorder, depression, learning disabilities, and substance abuse. Proper diagnosis may be a solution towards individual insightfulness on behavior and awareness of treatment and coping strategies. However, controversy surrounds the belief that this ailment persist into old age. Among other obstacles to proper diagnosis includes inappropriate diagnosis criteria, comorbidities, and possibility of a link to situational and intelligence levels. Successful treatment in children is a cordial partnership between a doctor, child, and the parents. Stimulant medications are available to calm down the impaired (Bee Boyd, 2011). ADHD affects children and adults. In fact, impact on adults is often devastating on the ability to maintain relationships, work, and family demands. References Andrew, G. (2006). Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Lifespan Development, 2nd Ed. Hightstown: McGraw Hill Contemporary Learning Series. Bee, H Boyd, D. (2011). Lifespan Development, 5th Ed. New York: Pearson Education. This research paper on Medical Condition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was written and submitted by user Cec1l1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon

KENNEDY AND NIXON BY CHRISTOPHER MATTHEWS REACTION PAPER I see don’t see the book as a bias but the author is always having something good about the both presidents. The author is just trying to talk about two guys who were once buddies then all of a sudden rivalries in politics, and that they both revolutionized the post war America. I have read some other books about Kennedy and they have explained how careless he was in his high school years, and how he never thought of politics and also how he behaved like a screwed up rich kid in his college years. The author never admitted about this but he at least talked about how charming he was and how every girls liked him. I agreed with the author when he explained how easily Kennedy got a chance to run in congress in the Democratic Party by his father who was a rich man and he gave the campaign money to make his son run for the Congress. Nixon was not rich like Kennedy but he was very lucky that he got a call from one of his friends asking him to run for the republican party. During Nixon’s run in the Campaign, his family was broke and had to leave their house in California. I see the author trying to explain the difference between these two former presidents, the author views Nixon as a hard working man that never gives up and has always something to look for and was not really popular much before becoming a president, and Kennedy is a charm, bright young man who does not work as hard as Nixon and also probably not as smart as Nixon might be, but he was a guy who is always popular and gets a lot attention from people, especially women. The one aspect of this book that really impressed me was the detail the author put into describing the campaign strategies of each man. I don’t find this author as a bias because he actually describes it pretty well and is not totally one sided with his statements. The author does an exemplary job of showin... Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon Free Essays on Kennedy & Nixon KENNEDY AND NIXON BY CHRISTOPHER MATTHEWS REACTION PAPER I see don’t see the book as a bias but the author is always having something good about the both presidents. The author is just trying to talk about two guys who were once buddies then all of a sudden rivalries in politics, and that they both revolutionized the post war America. I have read some other books about Kennedy and they have explained how careless he was in his high school years, and how he never thought of politics and also how he behaved like a screwed up rich kid in his college years. The author never admitted about this but he at least talked about how charming he was and how every girls liked him. I agreed with the author when he explained how easily Kennedy got a chance to run in congress in the Democratic Party by his father who was a rich man and he gave the campaign money to make his son run for the Congress. Nixon was not rich like Kennedy but he was very lucky that he got a call from one of his friends asking him to run for the republican party. During Nixon’s run in the Campaign, his family was broke and had to leave their house in California. I see the author trying to explain the difference between these two former presidents, the author views Nixon as a hard working man that never gives up and has always something to look for and was not really popular much before becoming a president, and Kennedy is a charm, bright young man who does not work as hard as Nixon and also probably not as smart as Nixon might be, but he was a guy who is always popular and gets a lot attention from people, especially women. The one aspect of this book that really impressed me was the detail the author put into describing the campaign strategies of each man. I don’t find this author as a bias because he actually describes it pretty well and is not totally one sided with his statements. The author does an exemplary job of showin...

The ugly, the bad and the good - Emphasis

The ugly, the bad and the good The ugly, the bad and the good Some sentences leave you gasping for breath. Try reading aloud this extract from the minutes of a recent meeting of West Lindsey District Council, for example: The Support Services Manager submitted Report 213 advising of progress made in respect of the key tasks which must be addressed by the Council and the guidelines as to when they need to be completed in order that the requirements to introduce Best Value can be met. If youre anything like us, you will have to read it several times to understand what its trying to say. The sentence is too long and would be much clearer written as two separate sentences: The Support Service Manager submitted Report 213 advising of progress made in respect of the key tasks which must be addressed by the Council. It also explains the guidelines as to when the tasks need to be completed in order that the requirements to introduce Best Value can be met. This makes it clearer. But there are still too many redundant words: in respect of; as to when; in order that. And a few passive verbs that make the sentence clumsy and less easy to understand: must be addressed; need to be completed; can be met. A well-placed comma might help too. So lets try again: The Support Service Manager submitted Report 213, outlining the Councils progress on key tasks. The Council must address these tasks within the time guidelines in order to introduce Best Value. OK so its not a sentence thats going to set the world on fire. But at least its quick and easy to read.

Value and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Value and Risk Management - Essay Example This maximizes the potential use of the project. Value management focuses on the functions to provide maximum benefit. It aims for simplification without disregarding quality. Value engineering is synonymous with value management but the former focuses on the technical aspect. These two however could be interchanged. Value management (VM) is now a regular feature in the construction industry. A VM Team conducts a meticulous process of inspection and monitoring, brainstorming and analyzing the functions with respect to the entirety of the project. After that, it will provide the necessary recommendations to the client. The first part of the study focuses on value management which includes the four stages of the workshop. There are recommendations on the budget constraints of SBE Innovations, so that the amount could be maximised while reducing unnecessary costs. The VM study determines how construction can be simplified as quality remains. Functional analysis in value engineering aims to reduce the cost. Value engineering will be conducted to perform the following activities: Value engineering will focus on the engineering and technical aspects. Value management is more on the management and administrative side of the study, but both will be conducted simultaneously to attain greater results. In most cases, VM and VE are considered synonymous. Our consultancy firm has been in the forefront of value management in construction. We have conducted VM and VE for various clients, while our aim is to increase the value of any project. This new project with SBE Innovation is another major milestone and a challenge. Each and every part of the project is important, therefore, this should be given value by conducting a thorough analysis to determine whether a part is an important element of the whole. If it is not too important, the team will

WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

WRITTING CONVENTIONS ON A ACADEMIC FIELD - Essay Example That is, they outline that the most factor is the financial. In fact, they go into the depths to clarifying their research by considering the number factors for students solution, the way the students use their credit cards, how much money does the student have to pay for their loan, the amount of money the students owe from other people, whether students ever drop off school due to their financial problems or students reducing their credit cards for financial problems. They also consider whether students are open to share their financial problems with the professors about their loan debt and consumer debt. Through their findings, it is clear that the issue of burn of debt may ease if some programs of educating students are started in the schools. Therefore, it enhances financial control. In addition, in the section of the Relationship of students personality traits and psychosocial characteristics with academic retention their research is based on whether the characteristics of the achievers academic and non-achievers academically are similar in a way or they are completely different from each other. In fact, they did a sample to justify themselves by talking some student who were undergraduate students who were enrolled in the college programs and giving them a personality questionnaire and the collage student questionnaire whereby its aim was to measure the factors of psychosocial. After the research they found that in their MANOVAs and indepent t-tests that they have many differences such as the primary factors, globally personalities and even the pyschosiacil factors. In addition, their research shows that time management is affected by personal traits or the psychosocial either directly or indirectly. In fact, it shows that students have different characteristi cs and behaviors, therefore each student Is unique. In the section of the negative impact of time

Business Essay Example for Free

Business Essay Convenience Internet marketing enables you to be open for business around the clock without worrying about store opening hours or overtime payments for staff. Offering your products on the Internet is also convenient for customers. They can browse your online store at any time and place orders when it is convenient for them. Reach By marketing on the Internet, you can overcome barriers of distance. You can sell goods in any part of the country without setting up local outlets, widening your target market. You can also build an export business without opening a network of distributors in different countries. However, if you want to sell internationally, you should use localization services to ensure that your products are suitable for local markets and comply with local business regulations. Localization services include translation and product modification to reflect local market differences. Cost Marketing products on the Internet costs less than marketing them through a physical retail outlet. You do not have the recurring costs of property rental and maintenance. You do not have to purchase stock for display in a store. You can order stock in line with demand, keeping your inventory costs low. Personalization Internet marketing enables you to personalize offers to customers by building a profile of their purchasing history and preferences. By tracking the web pages and product information that prospects visit, you can make targeted offers that reflect their interests. The information available from tracking website visits also provides data for planning cross-selling campaigns so that you can increase the value of sales by customer. Relationships The Internet provides an important platform for building relationships with customers and increasing customer retention levels. When a customer has purchased a product from your online store, you can begin the relationship by sending a follow-up email to confirm the transaction and thank the customer. Emailing customers regularly with special, personalized offers helps to maintain the relationship. You can also invite customers to submit product reviews on your website, helping to build a sense of community. Social Internet marketing enables you to take advantage of the growing importance of social media. An article on the Harvard Business School Executive Education website highlighted the link between social networking and online revenue growth. According to the article, a group of consumers that responded most strongly to the influence of social networks generated increased sales of around 5 percent. You can take advantage of this type of influence by incorporating social networking tools in your Internet marketing campaigns.

Discussing Web Use Especially for Educational Purposes :: Internet Cyberspace Education Essays

Discussing Web Use Especially for Educational Purposes Abstract The purpose of my paper is to define the web, discuss its educational value, and review some of the ongoing debate regarding its educational use. "And Robert L. Heath says ‘[It is a] means by which any organization - no matter how financially limited - can sustain its messages over time and reach people around the world’ " (as cited by Cooley, 1999, p.1). What is the Web? The Web or WWW or World Wide Web is an informational venue, as well as a communications medium that serves many purposes, namely, to advertise businesses, people, products, services; in other words, to facilitate marketing and public relations. "The World Wide Web’s accessibility and ease of use have encouraged a proliferation of Web resources on almost every imaginable topic. Due to the wealth of information available, the Web is becoming a widely used research tool" (Tate and Alexander, 1996, p.1). The Web is also an educational and news delivery system. The Web began with the birth of the internet. According to Sutherland and Stewart (1999), "[t]he Internet, developed in the 1960s to facilitate military research, had expanded to other research uses by the end of the 1970s." Starr (1997) states, that " [by 1981], the Internet had grown to comprise 213 host computers, linked in an unorganized collection of networks that included local area networks, dedicated computer lines, telephone lines and satellite links" (as cited by Sutherland and Stewart, p.1). "Barely a decade later, the Internet had come to include more than 2 million host computers, a growth largely driven by the popularity of the Web, which only became available in 1990" (Sutherland and Stewart, p.1). "Lehnert (1998) stated that this rapid growth of the Web stemmed from the increased availability of inexpensive, powerful computers, widespread access to the Internet, the combination of the easy to use HTML and graphics, readily available Web browsers, and significant a ttention given to the Web by the mass media" (as cited by Sutherland and Stewart, p.1). Starr said that "[T]he Web, with its innovations in the areas of hypertext, multimedia, and interactivity, has had a profound impact on higher education" (as cited by Sutherland and Stewart, p.1). According to Barnard (1997), "[U]niversity administrators, partially driven by market forces, value the Web as a vehicle to market their institution as well as to deliver distance learning" (as cited by Sutherland and Stewart, p.

Inflation Is Assumed

Inflation is assumed Chapter 1 True / False Questions 1. Inflation is assumed to be a temporary problem that does not affect financial decisions. FALSE 2. Financial Capital is composed of long-term plant and equipment, as well as other tangible investments. FALSE 3. Real Capital is composed of long-term plant and equipment. TRUE 4. During the 1930s, financial practice revolved around such topics as the preservation of capital, maintenance of liquidity, reorganization of financially troubled corporations and bankruptcy. TRUE 5. In the mid 1950s, finance began to change to a more analytical, decision-oriented approach.TRUE 6. Recently, the emphasis of financial management has been on the relationship between risk and return. TRUE 7. The most common partnership arrangement carries limited liability to the partners. FALSE 8. In terms of revenues and profits, the corporation is by far the most important form of business organization in the United States. TRUE 9. Dividends paid to corporat e stockholders have already been taxed once as corporate income. TRUE 10. One advantage of the corporate form of organization is that income received by stockholders is not taxable since the corporation already paid taxes on the income distributed.FALSE 11. A corporation must have more than 75 stockholders to qualify for Subchapter S designation. FALSE 12. Profits of a Subchapter S corporation are taxed at corporate tax rates. FALSE 13. Corporate governance issues have become less important to the financial community during the first decade of the new millennium. FALSE 14. Agency Theory examines the relationship between companies and their customers. FALSE 15. A major focus of the Sarbanes Oxley Act is to make sure that publicly traded companies accurately present their assets, liabilities and income in their financial statements.TRUE 16. The Sarbanes Oxley Act is primarily intended to increase public scrutiny of private companies that had previously been exempt from many public dis closure requirements. FALSE 17. Timing is not a particularly important consideration in financial decisions. FALSE 18. Maximizing the earnings of the firm is the goal of financial management. FALSE 19. Insider trading involves the use of information not available to the general public to make profits from trading in a company's stock. TRUE 20.Financial markets exist as a vast global network of individuals and financial institutions that may be lenders, borrowers, or owners of public companies worldwide. TRUE 21. Money markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities having a life of one year or less. TRUE 22. Money markets refer to markets where excess corporate cash is exchanged for foreign currencies that can earn a higher return than domestic money. FALSE 23. Capital markets refer to those markets dealing with short-term securities having a life of one year or less. FALSE 24. The primary market includes the sale of securities by way of initial public offerings.TR UE 25. High quality initial public offerings are usually sold in a primary market, such as the New York Stock Exchange. However, low-quality stocks must usually be sold in secondary markets, such as NASDAQ. FALSE 26. Although NASDAQ is a secondary market, some of the firms traded there, such as Microsoft, are large enough to move to the primary market if they so desire. FALSE 27. The secondary market characteristically has had stable prices over the past 20 years. FALSE 28. In the United States, stocks sold on either the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ are considered sold in the primary market.FALSE 29. New issues are sold in the secondary market. FALSE 30. Existing securities are traded in the secondary market. TRUE 31. Many companies have cross-listed their stock on multiple international stock exchanges and more than several hundred foreign companies have listed their shares on the New York Stock Exchange. TRUE 32. Financial management requires both short-term activities as wel l as long-term planning such as raising funds. TRUE Multiple Choice Questions 33. What is the primary goal of financial management? A. Increased earnings B. Maximizing cash flow C. Maximizing shareholder wealthD. Minimizing risk of the firm 34. In the past, the study of finance has included A. mergers and acquisitions. B. raising capital. C. bankruptcy. D. all of these. 35. Professor Merton Miller received the Nobel prize in economics for his work on   A. dividend policy. B. investment theory. C. working capital management. D. capital structure theory. 36. Professors Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe received their Nobel prize in economics for their contributions to the   A. options pricing model. B. theories of working capital management. C. theories of risk-return and portfolio theory. D. heories of international capital budgeting. 37. Proper risk-return management means that A. the firm should take as few risks as possible. B. the firm must determine an appropriate trade-off between risk and return. C. the firm should earn the highest return possible. D. the firm should value future profits more highly than current profits. 38. One of the major disadvantages of a sole proprietorship is   A. that there is unlimited liability to the owner. B. the simplicity of decision making. C. low organizational costs. D. low operating costs. 39. One of the major advantages of a sole proprietorship is   A. hat the owner has limited liability. B. that stock in the proprietorship can be easily transferred. C. that it is exempt from many tax rules that would otherwise apply when employees are hired by the firm. D. low operating costs. 40. The partnership form of an organization A. avoids the double taxation of earnings and dividends found in the corporate form of organization. B. usually provides limited liability to the partners. C. has unlimited life. D. simplifies decision making. 41. A corporation is A. owned by stockholders who enjoy the privilege of limited lia bility. B. easily divisible between owners.C. a separate legal entity with perpetual life. D. all of these. 42. With a Subchapter S corporation A. income is taxed as direct income to stockholders. B. stockholders have the same liability as members of a partnership. C. the number of stockholders is unlimited. D. life of the corporation is limited. 43. A Subchapter S corporation A. is similar to a partnership in that is carries unlimited liability. B. is a separate legal entity which is treated like a normal corporation. C. has all the organizational benefits of a corporation and its income is only taxed once. D. all of these. 44.Corporate governance is the A. relationship and exercise of oversight by the board of directors of the company. B. relationship between the chief financial officer and institutional investors. C. operation of a company by the chief executive officer (CEO) and other senior executives on the management team. D. governance of the company by the board of director s with a focus on social responsibility. 45. Many companies such as Tyco, Enron, and WorldCom that suffered financial distress in the late 1990s and early 2000s,   A. committed fraud. B. had failed corporate governance oversight. C. went bankrupt. D. ll of these are true. 46. Agency theory examines the relationship between the A. shareholders of the firm and the firm's investment banker. B. owners of the firm and the managers of the firm. C. board of directors and large institutional investors. D. shareholders and the firm's transfer agent. 47. Agency theory would imply that conflicts are more likely to occur between management and shareholders when   A. the company is owned and operated by the same person. B. management acts in the best interests of maximizing shareholder wealth. C. the chairman of the board is also the chief executive officer (CEO). D. he board of directors exerts strong and involved oversight of management. 48. Agency problems are least likely to arise in whi ch organizational form? A. sole proprietorship B. limited partnership C. corporation D. subchapter S corporation 49. Institutional investors are important in today's business world because   A. as large investors they have more say in how businesses are managed. B. they have a fiduciary responsibility to the workers and investors that they represent to see that the firms they own are managed in an ethical way. C. as a group they can vote large blocks of stock for the election of board members.D. all of these. 50. The increasing percentage ownership of public corporations by institutional investors has   A. had no effect on corporate management. B. created higher returns for the stock market in general. C. created more pressure on public companies to manage their firms more efficiently. D. taken away the voice of the individual investor. 51. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in an effort to A. protect small business from large corporations dominating the market. B. ensure that pa rtnerships divide profits among partners in a fair manner. C. guarantee outside auditors can control corporate accounting practices.D. control corrupt corporate behavior. 52. Maximization of shareholder wealth is a concept in which   A. increased earnings is of primary importance. B. profits are maximized on a quarterly basis. C. virtually all earnings are paid as dividends to common stockholders. D. optimally increasing the long-term value of the firm is emphasized. 53. Which of the following is not a true statement about the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth? A. It takes into account the timing of cash-flows. B. It is a short-run point of view which takes risk into account. C. It considers risk as a factor. D. None of these. 54.Insider trading occurs when A. someone has information not available to the public which they use to profit from trading in stocks. B. corporate officers buy stock in their company. C. lawyers, investment bankers, and others buy common stock in compan ies represented by their firms. D. any stock transactions occur in violation of the Federal Trade Commissions restrictions on monopolies. 55. The major difficulty in most insider-trading cases has been   A. that lenient judges have simply released the guilty individuals. B. that insider trading, even though illegal, actually serves a beneficial economic and financial purpose.C. that inside trades have not been legally well defined. D. inside trades actually have a beneficial effect on the wealth of all stockholders. 56. Money markets would include which of the following securities? A. common stock and corporate bonds. B. treasury bills and commercial paper. C. certificates of deposit and preferred stock. D. all of these. 57. Capital markets do not include which of the following securities:   A. common stock B. commercial paper C. government bonds D. preferred stock 58. When a corporation uses the financial markets to raise new funds, the sale of securities is made in the   A. rimary market. B. secondary market. C. on-line market. D. third market. 59. Corporate restructuring has been one result of more institutional ownership. Restructuring can cause   A. changes in the assets and liabilities of the firm. B. the sale of low-profit margin divisions. C. the removal of current management and/or large reductions in the workforce. D. all of these. 60. The internationalization of the financial markets has   A. allowed firms such as McDonalds to raise capital around the world. B. raised the cost of capital. C. forced companies to price everything in U. S. dollars. D. all of these. Chapter 2True / False Questions 61. The income statement is the major device for measuring the profitability of a firm over a period of time. TRUE 62. The income statement measures the increase in the assets of a firm over a period of time. FALSE 63. Operating profit is essentially a measure of how efficient management is in generating revenues and controlling expenses. TRUE 64. Ac counting income is based on verifiably completed transactions. TRUE 65. The P/E ratio is strongly related to the past performance of the firm. FALSE 66. When a firm has a sharp drop off in earnings, its P/E ratio may be artificially high. TRUE 67.The real value of a firm is the same from an economic and accounting perspective. FALSE 68. A balance sheet represents the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a company at a given point in time. TRUE 69. The investments account represents a commitment of funds of at least one year or more. TRUE 70. Asset accounts are listed in order of their liquidity. TRUE 71. Accumulated depreciation shows up in the income statement. FALSE 72. Total assets of a firm are financed with liabilities and stockholders equity. TRUE 73. Book value per share and market value per share are usually the same dollar amount. FALSE 74.Book value per share is of greater concern to the financial manager than market value per share. FALSE 75. Book value is equal to net worth. TRUE 76. Equity is a measure of the monetary contributions that have been made directly or indirectly on behalf of the owners of the company. TRUE 77. Stockholders' equity is equal to liabilities plus assets. FALSE 78. Retained earnings shown on the balance sheet represents available cash on hand generated from prior year's earnings but not paid out in dividends. FALSE 79. Retained earnings represent the firm's cumulative earnings since inception, minus dividends and other adjustments.TRUE 80. The statement of cash flows helps measure how the changes in a balance sheet were financed between two time periods. TRUE 81. Cash flow is equal to earnings before taxes minus depreciation. FALSE 82. An increase in an asset represents a source of funds. FALSE 83. Assume that two companies both have Net Income of $100,000. The firm with the highest depreciation expense will have the highest cash flow, assuming all other adjustments are equal. TRUE 84. An increase in inventory represe nts a source of funds. FALSE 85. An increase in a liability account represents a source of funds on the cash flow statement.TRUE 86. An increase in accounts receivable represents a reduction in cash flows from operations. TRUE 87. An increase in accounts payable represents a reduction in cash flows from operations. FALSE 88. The purchase of a new factory would reduce the cash flows from investing activities on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 89. The sale of corporate bonds held by the firm as a long-term investment would increase cash flows from investing activities on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 90. Paying dividends to common shareholders will not affect cash flows from financing activities. FALSE 91.The sale of a firm's securities is a source of funds, whereas the payment of dividends is a use of funds. TRUE 92. Depreciation is an accounting entry and does not involve a cash expense. TRUE 93. Free cash flow is equal to cash flow from operating activities minus necessary ca pital expenditures and normal dividend payments. TRUE 94. An increase in accounts receivable results in a cash inflow on the statement of cash flows. FALSE 95. A decrease in bonds payable results in a cash outflow on the statement of cash flows. TRUE 96. An increase in accrued expenses results in a cash outflow on the statement of cash flows.FALSE Multiple Choice Questions 97. Which of the following is not one of the three basic financial statements? A. Income Statement B. Statement of Retained Earnings C. Statement of Cash Flows D. Balance Sheet 98. Which of the following is not subtracted out in arriving at operating income? A. interest expense B. cost of goods sold C. depreciation D. selling and administrative expense 99. Increasing interest expense will have what effect on EBIT? A. increase it B. decrease it C. no effect D. not enough information to tell 100. The residual income of the firm belongs to A. creditors. B. preferred stockholders.C. common stockholders. D. bondholders . 101. Allen Lumber Company had earnings after taxes of $580,000 in the year 2006 with 400,000 shares outstanding on December 31, 2006. On January 1, 2007, the firm issued 35,000 new shares. Because of the proceeds from these new shares and other operating improvements, 2007 earnings after taxes were 25 percent higher than in 2006. Earnings per share for the year-end 2007 was   A. $1. 67 B. $1. 45 C. $1. 81 D. None of these 102. Consider the following information for Ball Corp. [pic] What is the Operating Profit for Ball Corp? A. $71,450 B. $90,000 C. 120,000 D. None of these 103. Candy Company had sales of $240,000 and cost of goods sold of $108,000. What is the gross profit margin (ratio of gross profit to sales)? A. 75% B. 55% C. 73. 3% D. None of these 104. Density Farms, Inc. had sales of $500,000, cost of goods sold of $180,000, selling and administrative expense of $70,000, and operating profit of $90,000. What was the value of depreciation expense? A. $170,000 B. $230,000 C. Less than $170,000 D. None of these 105. Elgin Battery Manufacturers had sales of $900,000 in 2006 and their cost of goods sold represented 65 percent of sales.Selling and administrative expenses were 9 percent of sales. Depreciation expense was $10,000 and interest expense for the year was $8,000. The firm's tax rate is 30 percent. What is the dollar amount of taxes paid? A. $151,200 B. $145,800 C. More than $151,800 D. None of these 106. A firm with earnings per share of $5 and a price-earnings ratio of 15 will have a stock price of   A. $20. 00 B. $75. 00 C. $3. 00 D. the market assigns a stock price independent of EPS and the P/E ratio. 107. Earnings per share is A. operating profit divided by number of shares outstanding. B. et income divided by number of shares outstanding. C. net income divided by stockholders' equity. D. net income minus preferred dividends divided by number of shares outstanding. 108. Reinvested funds from retained earnings theoretically belong to:   A. bond holders. B. common stockholders. C. employees. D. all of these. 109. The firm's price-earnings (P/E) ratio is influenced by its   A. capital structure. B. earnings volatility. C. sales, profit margins, and earnings. D. all of these. 110. Which of the following factors do not influence the firm's P/E ratio:   A. past earnings. B. shares outstanding.C. volatility in performance. D. none of these. 111. Which of the following would not be classified as a current asset? A. Marketable securities B. Investments C. Prepaid expenses D. Inventory 112. An item which may be converted to cash within one year or one operating cycle of the firm is classified as a   A. current liability. B. long-term asset. C. current asset. D. long-term liability. 113. Which of the following would not be included in the balance sheet investment account? A. stocks of other corporations B. long term government bonds C. marketable securities D. investments in other corporations 14. Which of the followi ng is not a primary source of capital to the firm? A. assets B. common stock C. preferred stock D. bonds 115. The major limitation of financial statements is A. in their complexity. B. in their lack of comparability. C. in their use of historical cost accounting. D. in their lack of detail. 116. Net worth is equal to stockholders' equity A. plus dividends. B. minus preferred stock. C. plus preferred stock. D. minus liabilities. 117. Book value is the same as A. stockholders' equity. B. fixed assets minus long-term debt. C. net worth. D. current assets minus current debt. 118.Total stockholders' equity consists of A. preferred stock and common stock. B. common stock and retained earnings. C. common stock and capital paid in excess of par. D. preferred stock, common stock, capital paid in excess of par and retained earnings. 119. The net worth of a firm A. is usually the same as the firm's market value. B. is based on current asset costs. C. is based on current liabilities. D. none of these. 120. The orientation of book value per share is __________, while the orientation of market value per share is ___________. A. short term, long term B. future, historical C. historical, future D. ong term, short term 121. A statement of cash flows allows a financial analyst to determine   A. whether a cash dividend is affordable. B. how increases in asset accounts have been financed. C. whether long-term assets are being financed with long-term or short-term financing. D. all of these. 122. A firm's purchase of plant and equipment would be considered a   A. use of cash for financing activities. B. use of cash for operating activities. C. source of cash for investment activities. D. use of cash for investment activities. 123. Depreciation is a source of cash inflow because A. it is a tax-deductible non-cash expense.B. it supplies cash for future asset purchases. C. it is a tax-deductible cash expense. D. it is a taxable expense. 124. Depreciation tends to A. increase cash flow and decrease income. B. decrease cash flow and increase income. C. affect only cash flow. D. affect only income. 125. Given the following, what is free cash flow? [pic] A. $115,000. B. $235,000. C. $185,000. D. $165,000. 126. Assuming a tax rate of 35%, depreciation expenses of $400,000 will   A. reduce income by $140,000. B. reduce taxes by $140,000. C. reduce taxes by $400,000. D. have no effect on income or taxes, since depreciation is not a cash expense. 27. Assuming a tax rate of 30%, the after-tax cost of interest expense of $200,000 is   A. $60,000 B. $140,000 C. $200,000 D. $120,000 128. Assuming a tax rate of 40%, the after-tax cost of a $200,000 dividend payment is   A. $200,000 B. $70,000 C. $130,000 D. none of these. 129. Farah Snack Co. has earnings after taxes of $128,750. Interest expense for the year was $20,000; preferred dividends paid were $18,750; and common dividends paid were $30,000. Taxes were $15,000. The firm has 100,000 shares of common stock o utstanding. Earnings per share on the common stock was   A. $0. 90 B. $1. 10 C. $0. 5 D. $0. 80 130. Gerry Co. has a gross profit of $880,000 and $360,000 in depreciation expense. Selling and administrative expense is $120,000. Given that the tax rate is 40 percent, compute the cash flow for Gerry Co. A. $456,000 B. $240,000 C. $600,000 D. None of these 131. Hoover Inc. has current assets of $360,000 and fixed assets of $640,000. Current liabilities are $90,000 and long-term liabilities are $160,000. There is $90,000 in preferred stock outstanding and the firm has issued 10,000 shares of common stock. Compute book value (net worth) per share   A. $84. 00 B. $66. 00 C. $75. 00D. None of these 132. The best indication of the operational efficiency of management is   A. net income. B. earnings per share. C. earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). D. gross profit. 133. A corporation can increase their earnings per share by   A. increasing tax-deductible expenses B. increasing Treasury stock C. decreasing depreciation D. decreasing retained earnings From End of the Chapter 2 Problems 5. Given the following information, prepare, in good form, an income statement for Goodman Software, Inc. Selling and administrative expense$ 50,000 Depreciation expense80,000 Sales400,000Interest expense30,000 Cost of goods sold150,000 Taxes18,550 2-5. Solution: Goodman Software, Inc. Sales$ 400,000 Cost of goods sold 150,000 Gross Profit250,000 Selling and administrative expense50,000 Depreciation expense 80,000 Operating profit120,000 Interest expense 30,000 Earnings before taxes90,000 Taxes 18,550 Earnings after taxes$ 71,450 6. Given the following information prepare in good form an income statement for the Kid Rock and Gravel Company. Selling and administrative expense$ 60,000 Depreciation expense70,000 Sales470,000 Interest expense40,000 Cost of goods sold140,000Taxes45,000 2-6. Solution: Kid Rock and Gravel Co. Income Statement Sales$ 470,000 Cost of goods sold$ 140, 000 Gross profit$ 330,000 Selling and administrative expense$ 60,000 Depreciation expense$ 70,000 Operating profit$ 200,000 Interest expense$ 40,000 Earnings before taxes$ 160,000 Taxes$ 45,000 Earnings after taxes$ 115,000 7. Prepare in good form an income statement for Virginia Slim Wear. Take your calculations all the way to computing earnings per share. Sales$600,000 Shares outstanding100,000 Cost of goods sold200,000 Interest expense30,000 Selling and administrative expense40,000Depreciation expense20,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Taxes100,000 2-7. Solution: Virginia Slim Wear Income Statement Sales$600,000 Cost of goods sold 200,000 Gross profit400,000 Selling and administrative expense40,000 Depreciation expense 20,000 Operating profit340,000 Interest expense 30,000 Earnings before taxes310,000 Taxes 100,000 Earnings after taxes210,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Earnings available to common stockholders130,000 Shares outstanding100,000 Earnings per share$ 1. 30 8. Prepare in good form an income statement for Franklin Kite Co. , Inc.Take your calculations all the way to computing earnings per share. Sales$900,000 Shares outstanding50,000 Cost of goods sold400,000 Interest expense40,000 Selling and administrative expense60,000 Depreciation expense20,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000 Taxes50,000 2-8. Solution: Franklin Kite Company Income Statement Sales$900,000 Cost of goods sold400,000 Gross profit500,000 Selling and administrative expense60,000 Depreciation expense20,000 Operating profit$420,000 Interest expense40,000 Earnings before taxes$380,000 Taxes50,000 Earnings after taxes$330,000 Preferred stock dividends80,000Earnings available to common stockholders250,000 Shares outstanding50,000 Earnings per share$5. 00 9. Lasar Technology, Inc. , had sales of $500,000, cost of goods sold of $180,000, selling and administrative expense of $70,000, and operating profit of $90,000. What was the value of depreciation expense? Set this problem up as a partial income statement, and determine depreciation expenses as the plug figure. 2-9. Solution: Lasar Technology, Inc. Sales$500,000 Cost of goods sold $180,000 Gross Profit$320,000 Selling and administrative expense70,000 Depreciation Expense (plug figure) 160,000Operating profit$ 90,000 10. The Ace Book Company sold 1,500 finance textbooks for $185 each to High Tuition University in 2008. These books cost Ace $145 to produce. Ace spent $10,000 (selling expense) to convince the university to buy its books. In addition, Ace borrowed $80,000 on January 1, 2008, on which the company paid 10 percent interest. Both interest and principal of the loan were paid on December 31, 2008. Ace’s tax rate is 25 percent. Depreciation expense for the year was $15,000. Did Ace Book Company make a profit in 2008? Please verify with an income statement presented in good form. -10. Solution: Ace Book Company Sales (1,500 books at $185 each)277,500 Cost of goods sold (1,500 books at $145 each ) 217,500 Gross Profit60,000 Selling expense10,000 Depreciation expense 15,000 Operating profit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35,000 Interest expense 8,000 Earnings before taxes27,000 Taxes @ 25% 6,750 Earnings after taxes20,250 11. Carr Auto Wholesalers had sales of $900,000 in 2004 and their cost of goods sold represented 65 percent of sales. Selling and administrative expenses were 9 percent of sales. Depreciation expense was $10,000 and interest expense for the year was $8,000.The  firm’s tax rate is 30 percent. a. Compute earnings after taxes. b. Assume the firm hires Ms. Hood, an efficiency expert, as a consultant. She suggests that by increasing selling and administrative expenses to 12 percent of sales, sales can be increased to $1,000,000. The extra sales effort will also reduce cost of goods sold to 60 percent of sales (there will be a larger markup in prices as a result of more aggressive selling). Depreciation expense will remain at $10,000. However, more automobiles will have t o be carried in inventory to satisfy customers, and interest expense will go up to $15,000.The firm’s tax rate will remain at 30 percent. Compute revised earnings after taxes based on Ms. Hood’s suggestions for Carr Auto Wholesalers. Will her ideas increase or decrease profitability? 2-11. Solution: Carr Auto Wholesalers Income Statement a. Sales$ 900,000 Cost of goods old (65% of sales) 585,000 Gross Profit$ 315,000 Selling and administrative expense (9% of sales) 81,000 Depreciation 10,000 Operating profit 224,000 Interest expense 8,000 Earnings before taxes 216,000 Taxes @ 30% 64,800 Earnings after taxes $ 151,200 2-11. (Continued) b. Sales $1,000,000Cost of goods sold (60% of sales) 600,000 Gross profit 400,000 Selling and administrative expense (12% of sales) 120,000 Depreciation 10,000 Operating profit 270,000 Interest expense 15,000 Earnings before taxes 255,000 Taxes @ 30% 76,500 Earnings after taxes$ 178,500 Ms. Hood’s ideas will increase profits. 15. E lite Trailer Parks has an operating profit or $200,000. Interest expense for the year was $10,000; preferred dividends paid were $18,750; and common dividends paid were $30,000. The tax was $61,250. The firm has 20,000 shares of common stock outstanding. . Calculate the earnings per share and the common dividends per share for Elite Trailer Parks. b. What was the increase in retained earnings for the year? 2-15. Solution: Elite Trailor Parks a. Operating profit (EBIT)$200,000 Interest expense 10,000 Earnings before taxes (EBT)$190,000 Taxes 61,250 Earnings after taxes (EAT)$128,750 Preferred dividends 18,750 Available to common stockholders$110,000 Common dividends 30,000 Increase in retained earnings$80,000 [pic] Dividends per Share = $30,000/20,000 shares = $1. 50 per share b. Increase in retained earnings = $80,000 16.Johnson Alarm Systems had $800,000 of retained earnings on December 31, 2008. The company paid common dividends of $60,000 in 2008 and had retained earnings of $640 ,000 on December 31, 2007. How much did Johnson earn during 2008, and what would earnings per share be if 50,000 shares of common stock were outstanding? 2-16. Solution: Johnson Alarm Systems Retained earnings, December 31, 2008$800,000 Less: Retained earnings, December 31, 2007 640,000 Change in retained earnings$160,000 Add: Common stock dividends 60,000 Earnings available to common stockholders$220,000 Earnings per share [pic] 17.Mozart Music Co. had earnings after taxes of $560,000 in 2008 with 200,000 shares of stock outstanding. The stock price was $58. 80. In 2009, earnings after taxes increased to $650,000 with the same 200,000 shares outstanding. The stock price was $78. 00 a. Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2008. The P/E ratio equals the stock price divided by earnings per share. b. Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2009. c. Give a general explanation of why the P/E changed. 2-17. Solution: Mozart Music Co. a. EPS (2008)[pic] = $2. 80 P/E Ra tio (2008)= Price/EPS =[pic] = 21X b. EPS (2009)[pic] = $3. 5 P/E Ratio (2009)= Price/EPS=[pic]= 24X c. The stock price increased by 34% while EPS only increased 16. 1%. 20. Nova Electrics anticipated cash flow from operating activities of $6 million in 2008. It will need to spend $1. 2 million on capital investments in order to remain competitive within the industry. Common stock dividends are projected at $. 4 million and preferred stock dividends at $. 55 million. a. What is the firm’s projected free cash flow for the year 2008? b. What does the concept of free cash flow represent? 2-20. Solution: Nova Electronics a. Cash flow from operations activities$6. 0 million – Capital Expenditures1. 20 – Common stock dividends. 40 – Preferred stock dividends . 55 Free cash flow$3. 85 million b. Free cash flow represents the funds that are available for special financial activities, such as a leveraged buyout, increased dividends, common stock repurchases, acqui sitions, or repayment of debt. 21. The Rogers Corporation has a gross profit of $880,000 and $360,000 in depreciation expense. The Evans Corporation also has $880,000 in gross profit, with $60,000 in depreciation expense. Selling and administrative expense is $120,000 for each company.Given that the tax rate is 40 percent, compute the cash flow for both companies. Explain the difference in cash flow between the two firms. 2-21. Solution: Rogers Corporation – Evans Corporation | |Rogers |Evans | |Gross profit |$880,000 |$880,000 | |Selling and adm. expense |120,000 |120,000 | |Depreciation |360,000 60,000 | |Operating profit |$400,000 |$700,000 | |Taxes (40%) |160,000 |280,000 | |Earnings after taxes |$240,000 |$420,000 | |Plus depreciation expense |$360,000 |$60,000 | |Cash Flow |$600,000 |$480,000 | | | |Rogers had $300,000 more in depreciation which provided $120,000 (0. 40 ( $300,000) more in cash flow. | | | 22. Horton Electronics has current assets of $320,000 and fi xed assets of $640,000. Current liabilities are $90,000 and long-term liabilities are $160,000. There is $90,000 in preferred stock outstanding and the firm has issued 40,000 shares of common stock. Compute book value (net worth) per share. 2-22. Solution: Horton Energy Company Current assets |$320,000 | |Fixed assets |640,000 | |Total assets |$960,000 | |–Current liabilities |90,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |160,000 | |Stockholders’ equity |$710,000 | |–Preferred stock obligation |90,000 | |Net worth assigned to common $620,000 | | | | |Common shares outstanding |40,000 | | | | |Book value (net worth) per share |$15. 50 | 23. The Holtzman Corporation has assets of $400,000, current liabilities of $50,000, and long-term liabilities of $100,000. There is $40,000 in preferred stock outstanding; 20,000 shares of common stock have been issued. a. Compute book value (net worth) per share. b. If there is $22,000 in earnings available to common stockholders a nd Holtzman’s stock has a P/E of 18 times earnings per share, what is the current price of the stock? c. What is the ratio of market value per share to book value per share? 2-23. Solution: Holtzman Corporation |a.Total assets |$400,000 | |–Current liabilities |50,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |100,000 | |–Stockholders’ equity |$250,000 | |–Preferred stock |40,000 | |Net worth assigned to common |$210,000 | |Common shares outstanding |20,000 | |Book values (net worth) per share |$10. 50 | |b. Earnings available to common |$22,000 | |Shares outstanding |20,000 | |Earnings per share |$1. 10 | | [pic] | |c.Market value per share (price) to book value per share $19. 80/$10. 50 = 1. 89 | 24. Bradley Gypsum Company has assets of $1,900,000, current liabilities of $700,000, and long-term liabilities of $580,000. There is $170,000 in preferred stock outstanding; 30,000 shares of common stock have been issued. a. Compute book value (net worth) per share. b. If there is $42,000 in earnings available to common stockholders and Bradley’s stock has a P/E of 15 times earnings per share, what is the current price of the stock? c. What is the ratio of market value per share to book value per share? 2-24. Solution: Bradley Gypsum Company |a.Total assets |$1,900,000 | |–Current liabilities |700,000 | |–Long-term liabilities |580,000 | |Stockholders’ equity |$ 620,000 | |–Preferred stock |170,000 | |Net worth assigned to common |$ 450,000 | |Common shares outstanding |30,000 | |Book values (net worth) per share |$ 15. 00 | |b. Earnings available to common | | |stockholders |$ 42,000 | |Shares outstanding |30,000 | |Earnings per share |$ 1. 40 | | [pic] | |c.Market value per share (price) to book value per share $21. 00/$15. 00 = 1. 40 | Chapter 14 True / False Questions 148. Capital markets consist of securities having maturities greater than one year. TRUE 149. The capital structure of the f irm consists of long-term debt and equity. TRUE 150. Capital markets are becoming increasingly international as investors and issuers seek out the best risk-return opportunities. TRUE 151. Upon entering the capital markets, an investor might invest in common stocks, preferred stock, negotiable certificates of deposit, and convertible securities. FALSE 152.In the last decade, the US has invested substantially more in foreign countries than foreign countries have invested back in the US. FALSE 153. Municipal securities are called tax exempt because no federal taxes must be paid on interest received. TRUE 154. The stock market far exceeds the bond market in terms of size of new capital raised. FALSE 155. The capital markets serve as a way of allocating available capital to the most efficient user. TRUE 156. The main reason for the small amount of financing with preferred stock is that dividends on preferred stock are not tax deductible as are interest paid on bonds. TRUE 157. Retained earnings account for the majority of internally generated corporate funds. FALSE 158.When an investor buys stock in the stock market, he is purchasing shares from a company. FALSE 159. Internal funds generated by corporations include retained earnings and non cash expenses such as depreciation and deferred taxes. TRUE 160. Households and the government are mainly considered to be suppliers of funds while corporations are generally considered users of funds. FALSE 161. Financial intermediaries channel funds into the capital markets from the household sector. TRUE 162. Brokers on an organized stock exchange act as an agent for the person buying or selling securities. TRUE 163. Brokers actually own the securities they buy and sell on the floor of the exchange. FALSE 164.The NASDAQ National Market is composed of large nation-wide companies that are traded in the over-the-counter market. TRUE 165. The strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that prices reflect all public in formation. FALSE 166. The efficient market hypothesis is generally concerned with the impact of information on the behavior of stock prices. TRUE 167. The weak form of the efficient market hypothesis states that an investor can profit by using past price data. FALSE 168. Markets are efficient when prices adjust rapidly to new information, continuous markets exist and large dollar trades can be absorbed without large price movements. TRUE 169.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 holds the CEO legally accountable for the accuracy of their firm's financial statements. TRUE 170. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 holds a firm's internal auditors legally accountable for the accuracy of their firm's financial statements. FALSE 171. The future of the NYSE is uncertain due to their unwillingness to adapt to the increase in internationalization and electronic trading in the markets. FALSE Multiple Choice Questions 172. Evidence of how global markets are linked was provided in 1997 and 1998 when intern ational markets reacted to   A. the collapse of Asian currencies in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and Korea. B. Russia's default on its sovereign debt. C. Japan's seven years of economic stagnation.D. a and b are true. 173. When global capital markets collectively react to international events like Russia's default on its sovereign debt, it is common to find   A. that there is no impact on multinational companies' ability to raise capital. B. an impact on the ability to raise capital. C. that Wall Street firms are so diversified that they are not affected by this event. D. All of these are true. 174. Which of the following is not a money market instrument? A. Treasury bills B. Commercial paper C. Negotiable certificates of deposit D. Treasury bonds 175. Global capital markets are influenced by A. interest rates. B. investor confidence. C. elative economic growth. D. all of these. 176. Companies list their stock around the globe to A. capitalize on the inefficiency inherent in fo reign markets. B. increase liquidity for their stockholders. C. provide opportunities for the sale of new stock in foreign countries. D. b and c are correct. 177. Foreign investors have preferred to invest in the United States due to all but one of the following reasons:   A. less stringent regulation of securities markets. B. political stability of the U. S. government. C. the U. S. dollar is the world's international currency. D. all of these are reasons that foreign investors prefer to invest in the United States. 178.With respect to the United States and its relationship with the rest of the world, it can be said that   A. the U. S. has invested more dollars in the rest of the world than foreign countries have invested in the U. S. B. the U. S. has actively helped foreign countries finance their government deficits. C. foreign investors hold large positions in U. S. government securities. D. All of these. 179. Financial instruments in the capital markets generally fall under what category in the Balance Sheet? A. Short-term liabilities and equities. B. Long-term liabilities and equities. C. Near cash assets. D. None of these. 180. Corporations prefer bonds over preferred stock for financing their operations because   A. referred stocks require a dividend. B. bond interest rates change with the economy while stock dividends remain constant. C. the after-tax cost of debt is less than the cost of preferred stock. D. none of these. 181. Federally sponsored credit agencies include all but which of the following? A. Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) B. Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB) C. Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) D. Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) 182. Which of the following is an internal source of funds? A. Cash flow from depreciation (tax shield) B. Net loss C. Repurchase of debt securities D. Bank loan 183.The major supplier of funds for investment in the whole economy is   A. businesses. B. hous eholds. C. government. D. financial institutions. 184. Financial intermediaries serve which of the following purposes? A. Financial intermediaries allow for indirect investment in the capital markets by households. B. Aid in the flow of funds through the economy. C. Help provide allocation of funds to the best investments. D. All of these. 185. Which of the following are benefits of financial intermediaries? A. Increase market liquidity B. Provide a direct market for investors C. Act as agents of the government D. Only a and b 186. The purpose of secondary trading is to A. rovide liquidity and competition between investments. B. provide a market to issue securities not handled in primary trading. C. provide jobs for brokers and dealers. D. provide lower commissions than on the organized exchanges. 187. The most important capital markets in the world (in terms of dollar value) are located in   A. New York. B. London. C. Toronto. D. Tokyo. 188. Which Stock Exchange is known as the m ost liquid? A. NASDAQ B. AMEX C. CBOT D. NYSE 189. Middle to small size companies that are centered in one city or state would most likely be found on the   A. NASDAQ National Market. B. NASDAQ Small Cap Market. C. Supplemental list. D. New York Stock Exchange. 190.The emergence of trading via ECNs has A. offer a unique advantage not offered by the NYSE B. lowered the cost of trading. C. made trading more difficult for small investors. D. all of these are true. 191. Which of the following is not a criterion for an efficient market? A. Prices adjust rapidly to new information. B. Large dollar amounts of securities can be absorbed without price destabilization. C. Each successive trade is made at a price close to the previous trade. D. Computerized handling of transactions. 192. Security markets are efficient when each of the following exist except   A. security prices follow the leading indicators such as the DJIA very closely. B. he markets can absorb large dollar amounts of sto ck without destabilizing the price. C. prices adjust rapidly to new information. D. there is a continuous market where each successive trade is made at a price close to the previous trade. 193. The efficient market hypothesis deals primarily with   A. random speculation in securities. B. the degree to which prices adjust to new information. C. degrees to which price movements are the result of past trends. D. how an investor can significantly outperform the market in general. 194. The efficient market hypothesis has several forms. The weak form states that   A. past price data is unrelated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. ll information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 195. Security markets provide liquidity A. by allowing corporations to raise funds by selling new issues. B. by creating a market in which owners may easily turn an investment into cash through its sale. C. a and b are both correct. D. neither a nor b are correct. 196. The semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that   A. past price data is unrelated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. all information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 197. The strong form of the efficient market hypothesis states that   A. ast price data is positively correlated to future prices. B. prices reflect all public information. C. all information both public and private is immediately reflected in stock prices. D. none of these 198. Security markets are affected by all of the following except:   A. interest rates B. global crises C. book values of equity D. emotions 199. Financial intermediaries include all of the following except:   A. commercial banks B. life insurance companies C. corporations D. pension plans 200. The purposes of security legislation include all of the following except:   A. protect against fraud B. ensure market efficiency C. reduce insider trading D. provide a global competitive advantage

Personal Statement (Oxford)

Personal Statement Every year, thousands of people all over the world apply the best of themselves to Oxford. Some believe in the distinguished faculties producing groundbreaking research that addresses critical issues facing our academia, while the others believe in the synergy between fundamental and applied research and the â€Å"The Lord is my light† approach, which foster intellectual partnerships between faculties and students. As an up-coming graduate in Economics, I yearned to further my postgraduate study for an Oxford master programme in the School of Geography and the Environment because of a passion running deep inside my thought.The passion is rooted from the place where I grew up, and sparked by a practice of enviromental change research I experienced recently. I grew up in Zhongwei, Ningxia, China — a small oasis located in the junction between the Yellow River and Tengri Desert in northwestern China. My feeling on this land has been a complex mixture of love and sigh, as folks are nurtured by this land, but also tortured by frequent sand storms and very dry weather. During my college life in Jiangsu University, I, as a volunteer, participated in a research project to study the environmental changes and the corresponding socio-economic effects around Shapotou.I was impressed by the fresh scene of Shapotou, the place where once engulfed by desert has been covered mostly by vegetation. Because of the success in desert-control, Shapotou is known as a â€Å"Miracle in the history of the world’s desertification control†. I was honored to be invited to participate in the field investigation led by Professor A from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Through participating in the research project, I obtained the knowledge on the history of the desert movement and principles governing the desertification control.I have also learned that the achievement of Shapotou desertification control project has attracted the attention of expe rts and scholars from many parts of the world, including the Dean of St Cross College of Oxford University, Professor who visited Tengri Desert with Professor Huang in 2007. Deeply impressed with the success of desertification control at Shapotou, I have been very interested in topics related to geography and environmental conservation since then. For this, I have done some studies on climate change, ecological protection, energy conservation and environmental economics. I have also been keeping in a close contact with Prof.A for consulting and discussing issues on geographical and environmental aspects. Through my contacts with Professor A, who used to be a research fellow at Oxford University, and many other sources including the information shown on the website of Oxford University, I understand well that Oxford University is one of the leading universities in geography in the world. Following my passion and maturing self-conscious, I started to draw my own blueprint catiously â €“ I would make all my effort to earn an offer from Oxford University for studying in the programme of Nature, Society and Environmental Policy.Armed by the knowledge and skills I gained from my college study, I will dedicate myself on environmental protection in my hometown. I am truly convinced that choosing to become an Oxford’s â€Å"dark blue† is the best choice to fullfill my life’s pursuit. I sincerely hope that I can be admitted as a postgraduate student of Oxford University, and I am very confident of my capability for completing my studies at Oxford University.

The Rise Of Communism In Russia Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Free Essays

The Rise Of Communism In Russia Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Free Essays The Rise of Communism In Russia "Unless we accept the claim that Lenin's coup d'etat gave birth to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today's Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians the only empire that survived into the mid 1980's" (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groiler's Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which "Marxism-Leninism" is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force. However, Russia remained out of the changes that Europe was experiencing. As a socialist movement and inclination, the Russian Social-Democratic Party continued the traditions of all the Russian Revolutions of the past, with the goal of conquering political freedom (Daniels 7). As early as 1894, when he was twenty-four, Lenin had become a revolutionary agitator and a convinced Marxist. He exhibited his new faith and his polemical talents in a diatribe of that year against the peasant-oriented socialism of the Populists led by N.K. Mikhiaiovsky (Wren, 3). While Marxism had been winning adherents among the Russian revolutionary intelligentsia for more than a decade previously, a claimed Marxist party was bit organized until 1898. In that year a "congress" of nine men met at Minsk to proclaim the establishment of the Russian Social Democratic Worker's Party. The Manifesto issued in the name of the congress after the police broke it up was drawn up by the economist Peter Struve, a member of the moderate "legal Marxist" group who soon afterward left the Marxist movement altogether. The manifesto is indicative of the way Marxism was applied to Russian conditions, and of the special role for the proletariat (Pipes, 11). The first true congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was the Second. It convened in Brussels in the summer of 1903, but was forced by the interference of the Belgian authorities to move to London, where the proceedings were concluded. The Second Congress was the occasion for bitter wrangling among the representatives of various Russian Marxist Factions, and ended in a deep split that was mainly caused by Lenin his personality, his drive for power in the movement, and his "hard" philosophy of the disciplined party organization. At the close of the congress Lenin commanded a temporary majority for his faction and seized upon the label "Bolshevik" (Russian for Majority), while his opponents who inclined to the "soft" or more democratic position became known as the "Mensheviks" or minority (Daniels, 19). Though born only in 1879, Trotsky had gained a leading place among the Russian Social-Democrats by the time of the Second party Congress in 1903. He represented ultra-radical sentiment that could not reconcile itself to Lenin's stress on the party organization. Trotsky stayed with the Menshevik faction until he joined Lenin in 1917. From that point on, he acomidated himself in large measure to Lenin's philosophy of party dictatorship, but his reservations came to the surface again in the years after his fall from power (Stoessinger, 13). In the months after the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Lenin lost his majority and began organizing a rebellious group

The History of the Supercontinent Pangea

The History of the Supercontinent Pangea Pangea, also spelled Pangaea, was a supercontinent that existed on the Earth millions of years ago and covered about one-third of its surface. A supercontinent is a very large landmass that is made up of more than one continent. In the case of Pangea, nearly all of the Earths continents were connected into one large landmass. It is believed that Pangea began forming about 300 million years ago, was fully together by 270 million years ago and began to separate around 200 million years ago. The name Pangea is ancient Greek and means all lands. The term began being used in the early 20th century after Alfred Wegener noticed that the Earths continents looked like they fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. He later developed his theory of continental drift to explain why the continents looked the way they did and first used the term Pangea at a symposium in 1927 focused on that topic. Formation of Pangea Due to mantle convection within the Earths surface, new material constantly comes up between the Earths tectonic plates at rift zones, causing them to move away from the rift and toward one another at the ends. In the case of Pangea, the Earths continents were eventually moved so much over millions of years that they combined into one large supercontinent. Around 300 million years ago the northwestern part of the ancient continent of Gondwana (near the South Pole), collided with the southern part of the Euramerican continent to form one very large continent. Eventually, the Angaran continent, located near the North Pole, began to move south and it collided with the northern part of the Euramerican continent to form the large supercontinent, Pangea, by about 270 million years ago. It should be noted however that there was another separate landmass, Cathaysia, which was made up of north and south China that was not a part of the larger Pangea landmass. Once it was completely formed, Pangea covered around one-third of the Earths surface and it was surrounded by an ocean that covered the rest of the globe. This ocean was called Panthalassa. Break-Up of Pangea Pangea began to break up about 200 million years ago as a result of the movement of the Earths tectonic plates and mantle convection. Just as Pangea was formed by being pushed together due to the movement of the Earths plates away at rift zones, a rift of new material caused it to separate. Scientists believe that the new rift began due to a weakness in the Earths crust. At that weak area, magma began to push through and create a volcanic rift zone. Eventually, the rift zone grew so large that it formed a basin and Pangea began to separate. In the areas where Pangea began to separate, new oceans formed as Panthalassa rushed into the newly opened areas. The first new oceans to form were the central and southern Atlantic. About 180 million years ago the central Atlantic Ocean opened up between North America and northwestern Africa. Around 140 million years ago the South Atlantic Ocean formed when what is today South America separated from the west coast of southern Africa. The Indian Ocean was the next to form when India separated from Antarctica and Australia and about 80 million years ago North America and Europe separated, Australia and Antarctica separated and India and Madagascar separated. Over millions more years, the continents gradually moved to their current positions. Evidence for Pangea As Alfred Wegener noticed in the early 20th century, the Earths continents seem to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle in many areas around the globe. This is the significant evidence for the existence of Pangea millions of years ago. The most prominent place where this is visible is the northwestern coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America. In that location, the two continents look like they were once connected, which they, in fact, were during Pangea. Other evidence for Pangea includes fossil distribution, distinctive patterns in rock strata in now unconnected parts of the world and the distribution of the worlds coal. In terms of fossil distribution, archaeologists have found matching fossil remains if ancient species in continents are separated by thousands of miles of ocean today. For example, matching reptile fossils have been found in Africa and South America indicating that these species at one time lived very close to each other as it is not possible to them to have crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Patterns in rock strata are another indicator of the existence of Pangea. Geologists have discovered distinctive patterns in rocks in continents that are now thousands of miles apart. By having matching patterns it indicates that the two continents and their rocks were at one time one continent. Finally, the worlds coal distribution is evidence for Pangea. Coal normally forms in warm, wet climates. However, geologists have found coal under Antarcticas very cold and dry ice caps. If Antarctica were a part of Pangea it is likely that it would have been in another location on the Earth and the climate when the coal formed would have been very different than it is today. Many Ancient Supercontinents Based on the evidence scientists have found in plate tectonics, it is likely that Pangea was not the only supercontinent to exist on the Earth. In fact, archaeological data found in matching rock types and searching for fossils shows that the formation and break-up of supercontinents like Pangea are a cycle throughout the Earths history (Lovett, 2008). Gondwana and Rodinia are two supercontinents that scientists have discovered that existed prior to Pangea. Scientists also predict that the cycle of supercontinents will continue. Currently, the worlds continents are moving away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge toward the middle of the Pacific Ocean where they will eventually collide with one another in about 80 million years (Lovett, 2008). To see a diagram of Pangea and how it separated, visit the United States Geological Surveys Historical Perspective page within This Dynamic Earth.