Learning Team Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Essay

Watch the Industry Averages and Financial Ratios video and use the industry classification from the financial services website to locate the company’s SIC code on the U.S. Department of Labor’s website. Find the industry ratios for the company using the Dun &  Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios link in the Week 2 Electronic Reserve Readings. If your company’s SIC code does not appear in the dropdown menu, choose another company. Assume the inventory ratio is based on a traditional inventory system, but globalized markets and the supply chain make it critical to adopt lean principles to create a more efficient system. Calculate the 14 ratios (show your calculations) for the company using the two most recent annual financial statements found on the financial information website you used earlier. Be careful not to use quarterly information, and include ratios for both years. Note. You can access a downloadable Ratio Guide PDF by clicking the Help Guide link in the upper-right of the Dun & Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios window. Compare the ratios for the company you selected with the appropriate industry ratios including profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios shown on the Dun & Bradstreet ® report. Write a 350-word response about how the company you selected performed compared with the industry. Instructor Notes: Also upload the following: Formula and calculations of your company’s financial ratios for most recent two years (Excel) Dun & Bradstreet financial ratios for your company’s SIC code (exported to Excel) (Please delete the text in yellow-highlight above) Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Paper The purpose of this analysis is for our team to analyze how Amazon.com Inc. performed compared with the industry based on financial ratios. In Attachment 1, our team provides the industry ratios for the company using the Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. In Attachment 2, we provide the Balance Sheet and Income Statement information for the company’s most recent two years. In Attachment 3, our team calculates the company’s 14 financial ratios. In Attachment 4, we compare the financial ratios with appropriate industry ratios including profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios. Analysis of Company’s Financial Ratios Compared to Industry’s Financial Ratios Xxxx Provide an analysis of the selected company’s 14 financial ratios compared to the industry’s financial ratios. Compare the most recent two years from D&B industry average to the same two years from your calculated financial ratios. Use the â€Å"Median† from the D&B industry average Remember to select financial ratios related to profitability, solvency, and  efficiency ratios. Note: the analysis includes interpreting the importance of the company’s vs. the industry’s financial ratios. 3 points out of 3 possible points (please do not delete these lines with point scoring) Conclusion References [Insert references here.] Attachment 1 Industry’s ratios from Dun & Bradstreet ® Key Business Ratios Solvency Ratios Solvency ratios measure the financial soundness of a business and how well a company can satisfy its short- and long-term obligations. D&B uses six key financial business ratios to measure a company’s solvency: †¢ Quick Ratio, also called â€Å"acid test† or â€Å"liquid† ratio, considers only cash, marketable securities and accounts receivable because they are considered to be the most liquids forms of current assets. A Quick Ratio less that 1.0 implies â€Å"dependency† on inventory and other current assets to liquidate short-term debt. Cash + Accounts Receivable à · Current Liabilities †¢ Current Ratio is a comparison of current assets to current liabilities, commonly used as a measure of short-run solvency, i.e., the immediate ability of a business to pay its current debts as they come due. Potential creditors use this ratio to measure a company’s liquidity or ability to pay off short-term debts. Current Assets à · Cu rrent Liabilities †¢ Current Liabilities to Net Worth Ratio indicates the amount due creditors within a year as a percentage of the owners or stockholders investment. The smaller the net worth and the larger the liabilities, the less security for creditors. Normally a business starts to have trouble when this relationship exceeds 80%. Current Liabilities à · Net Worth †¢ Current Liabilities to Inventory Ratio shows, as a percentage, the reliance on available inventory for payment of debt (how much a company relies on funds from disposal of unsold inventories to meet its current debt). Current Liabilities à · Inventory †¢ Total Liabilities to New Worth Ratio shows how all of a company’s debt relates to the equity of the owners or stockholders.  The higher this ratio, the less protection there is for the creditors of the business. Total Liabilities à · Net Worth †¢ Fixed Assets to Newt Worth Ratio shows the percentage of assts centered in fixed assets compared to total equity. Generally the higher this percentage is over 75%, the more vulnerable a business becomes to unexpected hazards and climate changes. Fixed Assets à · Net Worth Efficiency Ratios Efficiency ratios measure the quality of a business’ receivables and how efficiently it uses and controls its assets, how effectively the firm is paying suppliers and whether the business is overtrading or undertrading on its equity. D&B uses five key financial business ratios to measure a company’s efficiency: †¢ Collection Period Ratio is helpful in analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable or how fast a business can increase its cash supply. Accounts Receivable à · Sales x 365 Days †¢ Sales to Inventory Ratio provides a yardstick for comparing stock-to-sales ratios of a business with others in the same industry. A high ratio may indicate that sales are being lost because of low inventory and/or customers are buying elsewhere. A low ratio may indicate that inventories are obsolete or stagnant. Annual Net Sale à · Inventory †¢ Assets to Sales Ratio shows how efficiently a business is usingits assets to generate revenue. A high ratio may indicate the business is not aggressive or that its assts are not fully used. A low ratio may indicate a company is selling more than can safely fulfilled by its assets. Total Assets à · Net Sales †¢ Sales to Net Working Capital Ratio shows the number of times working capital turns over annually in relation to net sales. A high turnover rate may indicate that the business relies heavily on credit. Sales à · Net Working Capital †¢ Accounts Payable to Sales Ratio shows how a company pays its suppliers in relation to the sales volume being transacted. A low percentage may indicate a healthy ratio. A high percentage may indicate that the business may be using suppliers to help finance its operation. Accounts Payable à · Net Sales Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios measure how well a company is performing by analyzing how profit was earned relative to sales, total assets and net worth. D&B uses three key financial business ratios to measure a company’s efficiency: †¢ Return on Sales (Profit Margin) Ratio measures the profits after taxes on the year’s sales. The higher the ratio, the better prepared the business is to handle downtrends brought on by adverse conditions. Net Profit After  Taxes à · Net Sales †¢ Return on Assets (ROA) Ratio shows the after tax earnings of assets and is an indicator of how profitable a company is. Return on assets ratio is the key indicator of the profitability of a company. It matches net profits after taxes with the assets used to earn such profits. A high percentage rated indicates the company is well run and has a healthy return on assets. Net Profit After Taxes à · Total Assets †¢ Return on Net Worth Ratio measure the ability of a company’s management to realize an adequate return on the capital invested by the owners in the company. Net Profit After Taxes à · Net Worth Median Median is the value from the midpoint that falls halfway between the Upper and Lower Quartiles. Industry Quartiles Industry Quartiles are static values taken directly from the KBR database tables. The value from the midpoint that falls halfway to the top of the list is selected as the Upper Quartile. The value that is halfway between the median and the bottom of the list is selected as the Lower Quartile.

Hp & Disney Alliance

Strategic Analysis on HP-Disney Alliance Introduction On October 9th 2003, Walt Disney Company, an international entertainment and media enterprise, and global technology provider Hewlett-Packard (HP) declared a ten-year strategic alliance for the purpose of developing innovative technologies and promoting Disney consumers’ experiences. The arrangement was achieved by jointly disclosing â€Å"Mission: Space† ride, which had been collaboratively designed and developed by HP and Disney employees for several years, reported by Business Wire (9 October, 2003). Mission: Space† was located in Walt Disney World Resort at Epcot theme park, Florida, including the following activities: Space Pavilion, Space Attraction, Space Advanced Training Lab and Space Cargo Bay. It was highly praised by Fiorina, then chief executive at HP, that the cooperation was based on both business expansion and technology development when HP wanted to recover from the business downturn and improv e its public image (Takahashi, 2003). Meanwhile, by using HP devices and technologies, â€Å"Mission: Space† ride provided Disney consumers with weightless simulations and consumers would feel like travelling in space (Takahashi, 2003).Company Profile Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard, established in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard from Stanford University, was initially to produce an electronic instrument called audio oscillator. The Walt Disney Studio was HP’s first client who bought eight oscillators to create the movie â€Å"Fantasia†. It was HP and Disney’s first cooperation (Hewlett-Packard Company, 2012). HP, headquartered in California, is one of the world’s largest technology companies that provide software, services and technology products to its customers.During the economic recession in the early 2000s, numerous companies reported losses and it was essential for HP to seek opportunities to sustain its information technology advantages (Chen et al. 2011). The Walt Disney Company Walt Disney and Roy Disney founded Disney Brothers Studio in 1923 in California for cartoon production. In 1971, the first Disney World opened in Florida and several years’ later, theme parks and Disney MGM studio were set up subsequently. Then in 1986, the firm’s name was changed to The Walt Disney Company (The Walt Disney Company, 2012).Now it is a worldwide entertainment and media company by operating in five sectors: ‘theme parks and resorts, consumer products, media networks, interactive media and studio entertainment’. In the early 2000s, Disney expanded its business around the world by building theme parks, collaborating with Eastman Kodak, Bank One and Visa to attract more consumers. Consequently the ten-year alliance with HP was arranged for both technology and entertainment development (The Walt Disney Company, 2012).Alliance Design When Disney animation engineers first came up with the simul ation of space travelling – Mission: Space ride, they realized it was crucial to find a partner that could perfectly combine the classic Disney adventures with the technology of aerospace simulation (Disney + HP, n. d. ). HP then became Disney’s partner because it delivered a wide range of supports from Disney’s visual effect to animation tasks. Then a contractual alliance between HP and Disney was formed.HP first offered infrastructure to deliver digital equipment, then it manufactured devices and hardware that serving Disney’s consumers (Fried and Spooner, 2003). Not only did HP highlight Walt Disney in its $300 million advertisements, it also launched sweepstakes to push â€Å"Mission: Space† into public (Camp, 2004). In return, what HP benefited was that it could acquire consumers’ data for further developments and promotions. Even though the potential benefits for HP was hard to estimate, HP was still quite satisfied with the volume of visitors (Camp, 2004).Above all, the value – creation logic for this alliance can be categorized as co-specialization. Both parities in the HP and Disney alliance were focusing on their advantages. Disney initiated the thoughts and ideas for the projects because they knew what they would be doing and how they could achieve it. On the other hand, HP provided Disney with information technology support and technological products that help to build up the projects. Apart from the personal computers, web servers, relevant software nd 13,000 printers offered by HP, it cooperated with Disney to develop â€Å"Ears to the world†, which was a handset for non-English speaking consumers (Banke, 2003). As pointed out by Carly Fiorina, HP CEO, ‘every process is being digitized right now, every physical analogue process will become a digital one – every last one, and the alliance will focus on the creative process and content delivery’ (Sutton, 2003). It is obviou s that all HP and Disney desired for the alliance is the combination of traditional Disney elements and new information technology.Alliance Management HP and Disney started their relationship 73 years ago when Disney purchased oscillators for the movie â€Å"Fantasia† in 1939. Clarke and Columnist (2003) believed that now it was the power behind Disney that made HP offer ’13,000 printers, 10,000 servers and 70,000 personal computers to Disney’. They also estimated that of the USD 100 million cost on Mission: Space, HP will pay almost USD 50 million according to its 10 – year contract. So in the alliance each party negotiated to contribute equally on capital.Reported by Business Wire (11 September, 2007), Michael Mendenhall, who had been working in Disney as an executive for past 17 years, was employed as ‘senior vice president chief marketing officer’ by HP. From then on, Michael would be in charge of HP’s marketing operations as well as operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Therefore, the relationship between the two companies would be closer than ever as Michael was experienced in both industries, and the continuing cooperation of Innoventions Dream Home proved that the alliance was under well management (China Business Newsweekly, 11, February 2008).Alliance Performance As referred in The Walt Disney Company Annual Report 2004 (2004), the revenues in parks and resorts segment for the fiscal year was USD 7,750 million. It increased by 21% compared with year 2003. The report stated that the Walt Disney World Resort drove USD 609 million of the total increase, which was attributed to high theme park attendance, reflecting the continued success of Mission: Space as well as the success of the alliance (Appendix 1). Meanwhile, Hewlett-Packard Company Annual Report 2005 (2005) also eported a total net revenue increase in 2004, from USD 58,799 million in 2003 to USD 64,046 million (Appendix 2). Therefore, from financial perspective, both companies were successful during the following one to two years after they formed the alliance. From objective and perceptual aspects, the HP and Disney alliance was also successful. When Mission: Space ride first opened, the continuing promo attracted more than 1. 1 million tourists and the ride still drawing more and more customers every year (Camp, 2004).HP’s Karen Jones believed that the alliance was the greatest combination to two famous brands and it success was because of the effort and time that HP and Disney had put into (Camp, 2004). Al Weiss, president of Walt Disney World Resort, praised the cooperation and approved that HP was the perfect partner to present Disney’s ideas and thoughts into reality (Banke, 2003). Evaluation of the Alliance Personally I believed the alliance was a breakthrough for both companies, especially when the US economy was suffering recession in the early 2000s.The alliance started with a good design beca use HP and Disney knew what contribution each party could bring. In co-specialization, the alliance scope was well controlled and conflicts were reduced because each company shared their values and information on what they did best, thus increasing productivity and reducing research and development costs. Since HP and Disney had previous co-working experience (Hewlett-Packard Company, 2012), it would be easier for them to managing the alliance. By allying with each other, HP and Disney created a win – win situation.HP gave Disney the chance to realize its space travelling simulation and reinforced Disney being the world leading enterprise in the entertainment and media industry. On the other hand, Disney helped to strengthen HP’s place in the technology industry. Disney developed easier accesses to its consumers and HP obtained numerous consumer data for further promotions. In addition, they both benefited from the growth of revenues and market share. Above all, it can be concluded that the alliance is aligned with its performance. Future for the Alliance The future for the alliance is bright and of huge potential.Followed by the appointment of Michael by HP in 2007, HP and Disney were cooperating on more and more technological entertaining facilities thereafter. Despite of Mission: Space ride commenced in 2003, the alliance was focusing on new technology products in recent years, such as Innoventions Dream Home. In 2008, The Disneyland Resort reached another agreement with HP, Microsoft and Taylor Morrison for the framework of Innoventions Dream Home (‘Major Integrators Partner with Disney’, 2008). This project aimed to introduce new concepts of home by mixing technology elements into it.Innoventions Dream Home attempted to create a ‘high- tech, high-touch’ experience for its guests and illustrate how technology was involved in people’s life. The continuing alliance allowed HP to provide its newest products and s oftware to Disney (‘Major Integrators Partner with Disney’, 2008). As recommended by Ed Grier, president of Disneyland Resort, he believed that it was an inspiring alliance that brought Disney’s imaginations and HP’s technology together again (China Business Newsweekly, 11, February 2008). Reference List: Banke, J. 003, TalkDisney, Florida, viewed 14 October 2012, Camp, S. 2004, ‘Marketing Mission By HP and Disney’, Brandweek, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 29, viewed 14 October 2012, ProQuest Central. Chen, C. , Lim, J. and Stratopoulos, T. 2011, ‘IT Capability and a Firm’s Ability to Recover from Losses: Evidence from the Economic Downturn of the Early 2000s’, Journal of Information Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 117-144, viewed 11 October 2012, ProQuest Central.Clark, S. and Columnist, S. 2003, ‘HEWLETT-PACKARD ON BOARD AS SPONSOR OF EPCOT RIDE: [FINAL EDITION]’, Orlando Sentinel, 10 October, pp. C1, viewed 17 October 2012, ProQuest Central. ‘Disneyland Resort; Disneyland Resort Reaches Agreement with Microsoft, HP, Life/ware and Taylor Morrison on Innoventions Dream Home’, 2008, China Business Newsweekly, 11 February, pp. 191, viewed 18 October 2012, ProQuest Central, ISSN 1945-5984. Disney + HP, n. d. , HP Solutions, California, viewed 14 October 2012, < http://welcome. hp. com/country/us/en/msg/corp/htmldisney. html > Fried,

Thin Film Solar Cell

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and also easy to use. Thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work. Introduction: The solar cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell. It is cost effective and its efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. All solar cells are made of silicon. Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide. The most common types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. Today we use solar power to do many things. We use solar power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others. The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20. 4%. The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material. The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe. There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works: Thin-film solar cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010. The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our normal daily routine. These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator. These cells are built with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer. Silicon wafer and thin-film solar cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells. Thin-film solar cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light. As you can see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the front contact and back contact layers which have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the solar cell from the outside the world. The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell. Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and also easy to understand and implement it, but there are two major problems that cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks. The first problem is, silicon is very hard to find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices. The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell:1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the silicon solar cell2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet.3.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin . 001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick.5. Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.Table (1) | The efficiency of solar panel /%| Temperatur e /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell. See table (2) below. Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy & raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy & raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills. 4. They are also not available for aerospace applications. 5. They faster to degrade than the other solar cells that’s why they always come with a shorter warranty. 6. They require a huge space so they are not good for most residential situations. Applications Of Thin-Film solar cell: Thin-film solar cell panels are used in many power applications. They are also used for outdoor and energy generating applications. These cells are very light weight and easy to use in homes and small business. They can be installed on the rooftops of the most homes. They use calculators, cars and other portable electronics. They are also used in cloths also enables the powering the iPod, iPad, and cell phones during the hiking. Thin film solar cells are used in mobile charger and led lights. Conclusion: The advancement of Photovoltaic thin film solar cell is increasing rapidly. The development and decisions on materials used in PV thin film solar cell are crucial when trying to achieve optimal performance for a good price. The discovery of the photoelectric effect and the concept of photons sparked interest of finding more ways to create efficient PV cells. The decisions on what materials to use in PV cells have paved the way for new developments and increased efficiency. When the first thin film solar cell was created it was around 1% efficient and with today’s innovations and engineering decisions efficiencies are now able to achieve up to 20. %. If this trend to improvement continues the way it has been over the past 40 years then the technology may pave the way for complete solar power generations . References: 1. Harris, William. â€Å"How Thin-film Solar Cells Work† 07 April 2008. HowStuffWorks. com. [22 march 2013]. 2. Mathias Aarre M? hlum. â€Å"Which Solar Panel Types is Best† Internet: http://energyinformative. org/best-sola r-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline

Actus Reus and Mens Rea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Actus Reus and Mens Rea - Research Paper Example lt case, for instance, may say that he hit the victim unintentionally and hence did not have the required motive for an assault, or a motive to bring about physical injury (Allen, 2013). Nevertheless, if the prosecution can establish that the victim and defendant had been quarrelling immediately prior to the suspected assault, the intent can work as a circumstantial proof that a suspect truly did intend to hurt the victim. Otherwise, defendants can take advantage of the prosecution’s lack of evidence of intent as a ‘reasonable doubt’ to evade criminal responsibility (LaFave, 2006). This paper discusses ‘actus reus’ and ‘mens rea’ as depicted on the cases of homicide, murder, rape, and manslaughter. It also answers the following questions: why are individuals not punished for their thoughts? What are some of the reasons why law requires ‘mens rea’? Why is it difficult to prove ‘mens rea’ beyond a reasonable doubt? Murder is a usual crime which has not been identified by the law. The 17th-century definition of murder given by Sir Edward Coke is â€Å"†¦ the unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being and under the King’s peace with malice aforethought, express or implied†¦ is widely referenced. The actus reus is described by the first part and mens rea by the second† (Allen, 2013, 324). As explained by Sir Edward Coke, the mens rea of murder needs one component to be met—malice aforethought, whether overt or covert. Aforethought does not necessitate planning or thinking ahead of time just that the motive to murder does not occur after the action. The mens rea of unlawful killing is fulfilled by the motive to kill or bring about serious physical injury (Allen, 2013). Overt motive is direct, a suspect fires at the victim attempting to murder him. Motive could also be indirectly expressed by the suspect trying to bring about harm which leads to death (Brody & A cker, 2011). Nevertheless, problems emerge when the primary goal of the

Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Congress - Essay Example The second factor at play is a congressman’s political party. Particularly in an age of polarized politics, party lines are becoming far more rigid than in previous decades. So-called â€Å"party-line votes† are common, especially with issues that tend to divide Democrats and Republicans such as budgets (Hook & Bendavid, 2011). Accordingly, a congressperson’s vote is more likely to correspond to the wants and desires of the party. The third factor to be considered is a congressman’s relationship to other members of Congress, beyond party affiliations. Knowing that Congress is a large community, it is conceivable that cooperative back-scratching and returning of favors might lead some legislators to favor some bills over others if there is something to be gained from it in terms of support from other congressmen. The fourth and final factor at play is the likely position of the president. Since the passage of a bill depends on the president’s support , the votes of legislators may change if the general perception is that the president may approve. This may not be the case, of course, in cases of â€Å"symbolic votes†: votes taken with the expectation that the president will veto (Lightman, Douglas, & Clark, 2011). 4. ... ocracy that has existed since Ancient Greece is that it amounts to a â€Å"tyranny of the majority† or â€Å"mob rule.† The Founding Fathers of the United States were notoriously critical of true democracy. For instance, Benjamin Franklin once defined the term by saying, â€Å"Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch† (Moyers, 2009, p. 314). For that reason, the framers of the Constitution put in numerous safeguards to protect the rights of the minority from the abuse of a mob rule. One important concept of protecting minorities is the separation of powers as given in the Constitution, which decentralizes power through a system of checks and balances. A President, for example, is in command of the nation’s armed forces, but he cannot officially declare war on behalf of the United States. The Congress protects the rights of the minority by serving as a voice for those opponents and by officially deciding whether to declare war or not. In addition, with the actual structure of the Congress, two senators are elected from each state, no matter its size. Rather than having a small majority of legislators from any given state, the power of the large state majority is tempered by the representatives from smaller states. However, the Congress does still promote majority rule by operating on the principle that what is moral is the greatest good for the greatest number. Accordingly, decisions are made when a majority of those in favor or opposed is established. But even a minority has the chance to speak and make its voice heard in Congress, which is its right. References Hook, J., & Bendavid, N. (2011, April 16). GOP passes budget cut. Retrieved November 1, 2011, from The Wall Street Journal:

President Bush's Crime Control Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President Bush's Crime Control Agenda - Essay Example In the Des Moines IA GOP Debate in 1999, George Bush states his position on gun control: "I'm in favor of keeping guns out of the hands of people who shouldn't have them like felons & juveniles. I'm for enforcing the laws on the books.... We need to send a signal to people, don't be illegally selling guns and don't be illegally using guns. The best accountability for somebody who breaks the law with a gun is called jail, certain jail" (Who is George Bush 2007). In this statement it becomes notable that even though the president supports gun ownership, he sets specific rules and restrictions on how firearms should be handled. The gun control of Bush allows gun to be primarily used solely for hunting and self-protection. Believing in the right of a citizen and his family to be protected against threats of crimes, he stresses that "law-abiding citizens ought to be able to own a gun" (St. Louis Debate 2000) yet "we ought to get guns out of the hands of people who shouldn't have them" (St. Louis Debate 2000). Rigorous background checks are put in place in order to ascertain whether a person is allowed to own a gun. However, if gun laws are broken, people are held accountable for the consequences.

How does the gender stereotype in the mass media affect the society Essay

How does the gender stereotype in the mass media affect the society - Essay Example According to Casey, Calvert, French &Â  Lewis (2002), gender stereotypes can be defined as the generalizations made in relation to specific genders in the society. For instance, in relation to media, women and men have different perceptions on the same. Additionally, Casey, Calvert, French &Â  Lewis (2002) indicate that gender stereotypes are generalizations that relate to different gender roles between men and women. It is however noted that the gender stereotypes may be misleading in one way or another. In the television for example, the kind of gender stereotypes is lofty, since the women are termed as minorities, and are not covered effectively in the news. This happens especially to women of low cultural groups who receive minimal media coverage. In the case of media coverage, the stories covered are at times too negative and unrealistic. In this case, is justified to say that the media has created a lot of myths, regarding the genders. Positively, men impersonate the mass media by displaying the wisdom to succeed and venture into the media industry. Most specifically, the handsome men have been regarded as the heroes of the media industry. The men have a way of portraying their dominance and masculinity in the media industry, with the aim of dominating the entire industry. In the case of the television and movie stars, men are always quick to show their prowess, confidence and ability to succeed. The male gender, in this case has been depicted as a person who aims at portraying their vitality in the media industry. Since the men are mostly older than the women, they always want to show their dexterity. The media has managed to bring out the prowess of the males especially in the sports industry. In this case, the men have made numerous attempts to dominate the media. In many instances the men have been drawn as doing activities that portray violence, at times they are

Brief the dred scott v. sanford case and the raines v.byrd case Essay

Brief the dred scott v. sanford case and the raines v.byrd case - Essay Example They believed, according to the Court, that African Americans were "beings of an inferior order, and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations, and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." There were two dissenting opinions in this case. One by Justice Mclean and one by Justice Curtis. They argued that the court should not give an opinion on an issue that they had said was beyond their jurisdiction and that the constitution didn’t say what the other judges thought it said. In 1994, the Republicans won control of Congress. They wanted to legislate a Line Item Veto for the President, so the President could veto aspects of a bill (in the past the constitution seemed to imply a president could only veto bills as a whole). A number of congressman disagreed with this idea and sued. The court reasoned that under the constitution a federal court could decide cases only when the plaintiffs had a concrete injury and a personal stake in the issue. The court said the congressmen only had an institutional interest in the matter of the line-item veto—there was no personal

Comparative analysis of food retailers growth strategies in the UK Research Paper

Comparative analysis of food retailers growth strategies in the UK - Research Paper Example Traill (1998) asserts that the food retail sector is characterized by competitive and innovative retailers who have remain resilient despite economic downturns. There are high stable street independent retailers, but most of them struggle to survive due to the rapidly changing business environment and changes in consumer behaviour (Henry, 2011). There is evidence of high concentration of economic power by the industries in the food retail chain between the primary producers and consumers (Henry, 2011). The supermarket model in the UK is characterized by self-service shopping with various departments that handle the production and distribution of the food grocery items. The sector has made savings through elimination of the traditional wholesaler, and ensuring direct supply from the manufacturing industries to regional distribution centers, and finally to the superstores that are conveniently located near the customers (Department of Trade and Industry, 2004). The lower unit costs and high net margins associated with supermarkets have increased their market share and contributed to ‘spiral growth’. Some of the features that are evident in the spiral growth of the leading supermarket retailers such as Tesco and Wal-Mart include the high costs of market entry due to the lower prices. For instance, Wal-Mart’ s ‘Every Day Low pricing model’ ensures savings made in the supply chain activities are passed on to consumers through price reductions thus contributing to high sales volumes and significant market growth. Accordingly, the spiral growth is characterized by own labeling that return the highest contribution margins to the retailers. The retailers’ brands are capable of competing effectively with the manufacturer’s brands through packaging and shelf placement. The own labels do not only enhance the revenues, but also improve the retailer brand

Where Do You See Yourself In 4 Years As An Elementary School Teacher Essay

Where Do You See Yourself In 4 Years As An Elementary School Teacher - Essay Example By learning I do not mean gaining in-depth knowledge of a subject or becoming a master in many fields. By this, I mean learning to understand the psyche of a rebellious 12-year-old or a shy first grader. Every student has his/her own special needs and a teacher is duty bound to identify those needs. Understanding young children do not happen through listening to lectures or analyzing books on child psychology. It can only be brought about by experience and patience while interacting on a one to one basis with the children you are working with. I intend to work towards building the confidence of my pupils, first of all in themselves, so they will always know that no goal is unreachable, and secondly in me so they will positively respond to my suggestions and advice. During my years as a student, I have always responded well to only those teachers who, apart from being excellent in their teaching, were also genuine. Many teachers undermine the perceptive powers of their students assumi ng that they can get away with just cursory replies to queries and in doing so unconsciously lose respect and faith of the children. Genuinely being interested and devoted to all of my students is my primary objective. In addition to earning their trust, I will also be able to easily make them pay heed to me. After all, it is easier to control a class with love than with a rod. A rod can indeed quite a noisy class but cannot make the minds attune to what is being taught. A holistic approach instead of a completely academic approach is required to reach out to the students, especially at such an impressionable age. Further, students at all levels have considerable attention deficit (not the syndrome) and at the elementary level more so. To keep them engaged throughout an entire period is quite a challenge in itself. In order to accomplish that I will put into practice a thoroughly interactive and imaginative approach.

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

1980s Latin America Debt Crisis - Essay Example Latin American countries followed a heavy reliance on debt finance. First, increases in foreign debt in these countries were higher than the revenues they had derived from their annual exports. In 1976, Mexico exported oil which paved the way for excess imports since cheap loans can be readily tapped. Brazil implemented a program of industrial expansion. Argentina and Chile established an overvalued exchange rate policy as an integral part of anti-inflationary strategy. Diverse government policies led these Latin American countries to defective exchange rate policies and excessive dependence on external capital flows.Another factor for the persistent debt problem was the fact that state enterprises became the conduit for absorbing external resources. The government guarantee provided for foreign denominated loans was attractive to external lenders who had no information on the real risk profile of the debtors. Public enterprises implemented programs of investment which guaranteed dir ect control over the foreign exchange proceeds to the national government. (Wesson, 9)In the years after 1983, these countries suffered from capital outflows and from the persistent slide in primary commodity prices. From 1983 up to 1986, Latin American terms of trade declined by 15 percent. Increased exports were negatively affected by falling prices. Countries. Argentina and Peru were especially hard hit. Mexico went into crisis due to falling oil prices in 1986.The lingering imbalance in the U.S. balance of payments contributed to the disadvantage of Latin America. The United States buys manufactured imports from Asian Countries (NICs) while shutting off capital flows from Latin American countries. Japanese and European surpluses were sent to the United States to get higher rates of investment. Economic growth in Latin America was supported by an import-substitution industrialization which protected the domestic industrial economy by means of high tariffs, import duties, and government subsidies. The initial arrangement benefited the economy but by the late 1960s, it was beginning to negatively affect agriculture which provides the needed foreign exchange. The industry had expensive domestic inputs that resulted in making major Mexican agricultural exports uncompetitive. Government policies which controlled domestic food prices also discouraged the increase of food production. As the population increased, consumption rose, reducing the amount of food available for export. It became necessary either to generate more resources to satisfy the demands of the population, or to control or decrease such demands without undermining the peace of the ruling party. By 1970, Lus Echeverra Alvarez, was elected president. He implemented the policy of stabilizing development. Stabilizing development is the economic strategy which emphasized growth over equity. The assumption had been that these resources would trickle down to the poor. The Echeverra administration opted for a strategy of shared development. This policy would emphasize equity and growth by policies that channel a greater share of economic gains to Mexico's lower classes. Echeverra encouraged more aggressive trade unions and he rued that foreign investors and domestic businessmen for exploiting the country. As conflict increased and confidence in the administration's policies declined, capital flight began. The government was forced to devalue the Mexican peso twice. Echeverra's anger and dismay led him to expropriate vast tracts of private agricultural land to give them to landless peasants. The president's attempt to spend his way into growth and equity had clearly failed by 1976, when Jos Lpez Portillo succeeded him. Portillo assumed a conciliatory approach in the face of problems. He then decided to secure foreign funding using the vast petroleum reserves of Mexico. Finally, commercial bankers were lining up to lend Mexico money in an attempt to reinvest billions of petrodollars that Arab governments had placed on

RTI Act Case Study Essay Example for Free

RTI Act Case Study Essay In spite of the fact that India has won its battle of independence in the year 1947 making democracy its weapon, unfortunately, the truth was something else. The power was handed over to the politicians and democrats, not to the common man then. There were multiple instances to question the right to information as it was in practice with the backdrop of the society we lived in. Some Information about Right to Information Act in India: On 12th October, 2005 the scenario had changed as through the right to information RTI act, common people got their right to raise question. It gives the power to throw question to the government directly and the concerned authority has to reply back within 30 days with proper explanation. RTI Act not only covers the executives rather the judiciary and legislature are also under its strict regulations. There is no gap in the process of formatting a corruption free and transparent government. It defines the term â€Å"public authority† as the government is answerable to the supreme authority of common people. Let’s know Right to Information Act: What is RTI act? Democracy makes a country answerable to the common people. People elect the power to lead not to rule over. Without any province to answer any power can be misused and common people can be victimised easily. Right to information Act makes the elected power answerable to common people. To answer what is rti act, one simple phrase can be used- â€Å"law of transparency†. It is the weapon of a citizen to question so that the answer can throw light into the matter. Government is bound to answer if any question arises on the functioning. The accountability of any government can be questioned. The act not only has empowered citizens to answer government authorities but also reduces corruption a lot. Citizens have the power to inspect and take notes on several tasks on the part of authorities so that they can analyze the performance. Even they can have copies of documents if they need to prove some unethical provisions. What Makes RTI Act Beneficial? Indian constitution permits its citizen to speak and express without any fear. How can a person speak against the government if he or she does not have enough information? A victimized citizen can feel but without information he or she is helpless to do anything. Right to information act in india is a recognition of democracy that requires informed citizenry and transparency of information just for a better functioning. How to use RTI ? This revolutionary act gives immense power to the hands of common people but still it’s been completely utilized. They stay away from utilizing this powerful tool just because of some wrong information regarding the process of implementation. But this is not so tough to know how to get information under right to information act. Just a single handwritten query is enough from your end to get your concerned. Information from the government authority. Even this act makes a common man so powerful that the person doe not need to show any reason why he or she needs such information.

Examining The Concept Of Hindu Law Religion Essay

Examining The Concept Of Hindu Law Religion Essay The phrase source of law has several connotations. It may be the authority which issues rules of conduct which are recognized by Courts as binding. In this context, source of law means the maker of law. It may mean the social conditions which inspires the making of law for the governance of the conditions. In this context it means cause of law. It may also mean in its literal sense the material from which the rules and laws are known. In this sense the expression means the evidence of law and it is in this sense that the expression source of law is accepted in Jurisprudence. Vijnaneshwar (commentator on the Yajnavalkya Smriti and founder of Mitakshara School) has called it Jnapak Hetu i.e., the means of knowing law. It is important to study the sources of law because in every personal legal system only that rule is law which has place in its sources. A rule not laid down or not recognized in the sources is not a rule in that legal system. The word Hindu first appeared in the  Old Persian  language which was derived from the  Sanskrit  word  Sindhu, the historic local designation for the  Indus River  in the north-western part of the  Indian subcontinent. A Hindu is an adherent of Hinduism. Hindu law is a set of personal laws governing the social conditions of Hindus (such as marriage and divorce, adoption, inheritance, minority and guardianship, family matters, etc.). It is not Hindus alone who must follow Hindu law but there are several other communities and religious denominations that are subject to its dominion such as Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Brahmo-Samajists, Prarthana-Samajists, the Virashaivas and Lingayats and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur besides others. In Sir Dinshah F.Mullas Principles of Hindu Law, the learned editor has defined Hindu law in the following words: Wherever the laws of India admit operation of a personal law, the rights and obligations of a Hindu are determined by Hindu law, i.e. his traditional law, sometimes called the law of his religion, subject to the exception that any part of that law may be modified or abrogated by statute. Law as understood by Hindus is a branch of dharma. Nature and scope: In the article project, the scope will be restricted to finding out the sources of Hindu law, and critique on some of the definitional aspects of the sources and a general critique of the sources. Sources of Hindu Law The sources of Hindu law can be classified under the following two heads: Ancient Sources Under this would come the following: Shruti Smriti Digests and Commentaries and Custom. Modern Sources Under this head would come: Justice, equity and good conscience Precedent, and Legislation. Ancient Sources Shruti- It literally means that which has been heard. The word is derived from the root shru which means to hear. In theory, it is the primary and paramount source of Hindu law and is believed to be the language of the divine revelation through the sages. The synonym of shruti is veda. It is derived from the root vid meaning to know. The term Veda is based on the tradition that they are the repository of all knowledge. There are four Vedas namely, Rig Veda (containing hymns in Sanskrit to be recited by the chief priest), Yajurva Veda (containing formulas to be recited by the officiating priest), Sama Veda (containing verses to be chanted by seers) and Atharva Veda (containing a collection of spells and incantations, stories, predictions, apotropaic charms and some speculative hymns). Each Veda has three parts viz. Sanhita (which consists mainly of the hymns), Brahmin (tells us our duties and means of performing them) and Upanishad (containing the essence of these duties). The shrutis include the Vedas along with their components. Smritis- The word Smriti is derived from the root smri meaning to remember. Traditionally, Smritis contain those portions of the Shrutis which the sages forgot in their original form and the idea whereby they wrote in their own language with the help of their memory. Thus, the basis of the Smritis is Shrutis but they are human works. There are two kinds of Smritis viz. Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. Their subject matter is almost the same. The difference is that the Dharmasutras are written in prose, in short maxims (Sutras) and the Dharmashastras are composed in poetry (Shlokas). However, occasionally, we find Shlokas in Dharmasutras and Sutras in the Dharmashastras. In a narrow sense, the word Smriti is used to denote the poetical Dharmashastras. The number of Smriti writers is almost impossible to determine but some of the noted Smriti writers enumerated by Yajnavalkya (sage from Mithila and a major figure in the Upanishads) are Manu, Atri, Vishnu, Harita, Yajnavalkya, Yama, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parashar, Vyas, Shankh, Daksha, Gautama, Shatatapa, Vasishtha, etc. The rules laid down in Smritis can be divided into three categories viz. Achar (relating to morality), Vyavahar (signifying procedural and substantive rules which the King or the State applied for settling disputes in the adjudication of justice) and Prayaschit (signifying the penal provision for commission of a wrong). Digests and Commentaries- After Shrutis came the era of commentators and digests. Commentaries (Tika or Bhashya) and Digests (Nibandhs) covered a period of more than thousand years from 7th century to 1800 A.D. In the first part of the period most of the commentaries were written on the Smritis but in the later period the works were in the nature of digests containing a synthesis of the various Smritis and explaining and reconciling the various contradictions. The evolution of the different schools of Hindu law has been possible on account of the different commentaries that were written by various authorities. The original source of Hindu law was the same for all Hindus. But schools of Hindu law arose as the people chose to adhere to one or the other school for different reasons. The Dayabhaga and Mitakshara are the two major schools of Hindu law. The Dayabhaga school of law is based on the commentaries of Jimutvahana (author of Dayabhaga which is the digest of all Codes) and the Mitakshara is based on the commentaries written by Vijnaneswar on the Code of Yajnavalkya. Custom- Custom is regarded as the third source of Hindu law. From the earliest period custom (achara) is regarded as the highest dharma. As defined by the Judicial Committee custom signifies a rule which in a particular family or in a particular class or district has from long usage obtained the force of law. Custom is a principle source and its position is next to the Shrutis and Smritis but usage of custom prevails over the Smritis. It is superior to written law. There are certain characteristics which need to be fulfilled for declaring custom to be a valid one. They are:- The custom must be ancient. The particular usage must have been practised for a long time and accepted by common consent as a governing rule of a particular society. The custom must be certain and should be free from any sort of ambiguity. It must also be free from technicalities. The custom must be reasonable and not against any existing law. It must not be immoral or against any public policy and The custom must have been continuously and uniformly followed for a long time. Indian Courts recognize three types of customs viz: (a) Local custom these are customs recognised by Courts to have been prevalent in a particular region or locality. (b) Class custom these are customs which are acted upon by a particular class. Eg. There is a custom among a class of Vaishyas to the effect that desertion or abandonment of the wife by the husband abrogates the marriage and the wife is free to marry again during the life-time of the husband. (c) Family custom these are customs which are binding upon the members of a family. Eg. There is a custom in families of ancient India that the eldest male member of the family shall inherit the estates. Modern Sources Justice, equity and good conscience- Occasionally it might happen that a dispute comes before a Court which cannot be settled by the application of any existing rule in any of the sources available. Such a situation may be rare but it is possible because not every kind of fact situation which arises can have a corresponding law governing it. The Courts cannot refuse to the settle the dispute in the absence of law and they are under an obligation to decide such a case also. For determining such cases, the Courts rely upon the basic values, norms and standards of fairplay and propriety. In terminology, this is known as principles of justice, equity and good conscience. They may also be termed as Natural law. This principle in our country has enjoyed the status of a source of law since the 18th century when the British administration made it clear that in the absence of a rule, the above principle shall be applied. Legislations- Legislations are Acts of Parliament which have been playing a profound role in the formation of Hindu law. After India achieved independence, some important aspects of Hindu Law have been codified. Few examples of important Statutes are The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, etc. After codification, any point dealt with by the codified law is final. The enactment overrides all prior law, whether based on custom or otherwise unless an express saving is provided for in the enactment itself. In matters not specifically covered by the codified law, the old textual law contains to have application. Precedents- After the establishment of British rule, the hierarchy of Courts was established. The doctrine of precedent based on the principle of treating like cases alike was established. Today, the decisions of Privy Council are binding on all the lower Courts in India except where they have been modified or altered by the Supreme Court whose decisions are binding on all the Courts except for itself. A Critique on the Sources It is significant to note that the term Hindu is not defined anywhere in terms of religion or in any statute or judicial decisions. For the purpose of determining to whom Hindu Law applies, it is necessary to know who is a Hindu and none of the sources expressly state so. At most from statutes, we can get a negative definition of a Hindu which states that Hindu law shall apply to those who are not Muslim, Christian, Parsi, Jew, etc. and who are not governed by any other law. Hindu Law is considered to be divine law as it is strongly believed that the sages had attained some spiritual dominion and they could communicate directly with God form whom we get the divine law. But this is only an assumption and no concrete proof for the same is shown that the sages could communicate with God (whose very existence is challenged by atheists). Due to this, many communities are also suffering from the misapprehension or delusion that their forefathers and messiahs had revelations from God. Justice A.M.Bhattacharjee strongly states that according to him he cannot think that even a staunch believer in any divine existence, transcendent or immanent, can believe in the divine origin of Hindu law, unless he has a motive behind such profession of belief or has not read the Smritis or is ready to believe anything and everything with slavish infidelity. According to Justice Markandey Katju, Hindu law does not originate from the Vedas (also called Shruti). He vehemently asserts that there are many who propound that Hindu law originated from the Shrutis but this is a fiction and in fact Hindu law originated from the Smriti books which contained writings from Sanskrit scholars in ancient time who had specialized in law. The Shrutis hardly consist of any law and the writings ordained in the Smriti do not make any clear-cut distinction between rules of law and rules of morality or religion. In most of the manuscripts, the ethical, moral and legal principles are woven into one. It is perhaps for this reason that according to Hindu tradition, law did not mean only in the Austinian sense of jurisprudence and is objectionable to it; and the word used in place of law was the Sanskrit word dharma which connotes religion as well as duty. Although Dharmasutras dealt with law, they did not provide an anthology of law dealing with all the branches of law. The Manusmriti supplied a much needed legal exposition which could be a compendium of law. But according to Kane, It is almost impossible to say who composed the Manusmriti. The very existence of Manu is regarded to be a myth by many and he is termed as a mythological character. Many critics assert that the word Smriti itself means that what is remembered and therefore the validity or proof of the existing Smritis could be challenged. It cannot be said for certainty that what the sages remembered was actually what was propounded. Hindu law has generally been critiqued on the grounds that the Smritis and other customs were generally extremely orthodox and against the favours of women. Hindu society thus has always been a patriarchal society and women have always received subdued importance over men. Some also disapprove of the notions of caste-based system created by ancient Hindu law from which emerged the ill-perceived practices of untouchability, etc. The Smritis are admitted to possess independent authority but while their authority is beyond dispute, their meanings are open to various interpretations and has been and is the subject of much dispute. Till date, no one can say for sure the exact amount of Smritis which exist under Hindu law. It is due to the abovementioned problems that the digest and commentaries were established and various schools of Hindu law started to give birth. The modern sources of Hindu law such as Justice, equity and good conscience have been critiqued on the grounds that it paves the way for personal opinions and beliefs of judges to be made into law. We have seen catena of cases where the decisions of the Court have been criticised for want of proper reasoning. This also signifies the incompleteness of the laws which exist. The Supreme Court in most matters has ascertained the rules of Hindu law successfully but there are couple of cases where they have interpreted the rules in their own light. One of the gravest cases of the Supreme Court which deserves much criticism is the case of Krishna Singh v. Mathura Ahir. The Allahabad High Court had rightly held that the discriminatory ban imposed on the Sudras by the Smritis stands abrogated as it contravenes the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court contradicted the above view and held that Part III of the Constitution does not touch upon the personal laws of the parties. In applying the personal laws of the parties one cannot introduce his own concepts of modern times but should enforce the law as derived from recognised and authoritative sources of Hindu law.except where such law is altered by any usage or custom or is modified or abrogated by statute. It can be submitted with ease that the above view is contrary to all Constitutional theories and is expressly in contradiction with Article 13. It is shocking to note that this judgment is yet to be over-ruled in express terms. Since the aegis of time, Hindu law has been reformed and modified to some extent through legislations but these reforms have been half-hearted and fragmentary. The problem with fragmentary reforms is that though reforms were made to change some aspects, their implications on other aspects were over-looked. For example, the Hindu Womens Right to Property Act, 1937, was passed with a view to granting property rights to women but its repercussions on the law of joint family was over-looked. The result was that fragmentary reforms through legislations solved some problems but resulted in others. Many people make the mistake of considering various text books written by erudite scholars as sources of Hindu law. This is because the Courts have decided many cases relying on these text books and quoted them for reference. For example, Mullas Hindu Law has been quoted by many judges. In Bishundeo v. Seogani Rai, Justice Bose giving the majority judgment stated that The rule laid down in Mullas book is expressly stated to be in cases where the position is not effected by a decree of a competent Court. The same has been the case with many other text books. It should be made clear that text books are not sources of Hindu law and the authors have no authority to lay down the law. Conclusion It has been seen that Hindu law has been critiqued for its orthodoxy, patriarchal character and does not bear a very modern outlook of society. There are many areas where the Hindu law needs to upgrade itself, for example, the irretrievable breakdown theory as a valid ground for divorce is still not recognised under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and even the of Supreme Court have expressed their concern on this. The most valid concern is that the very definition of a Hindu is still not given in any of the sources. Statutes give only a negative definition which does not suffice the test of time. The very proponent that Hindu law is divine law has been challenged by scholars and atheists. There are many Smritis which are yet to be found according to Historians and many conflicts of opinions and interpretations have arisen for the existing ones, thus creating a window of ambiguity under Hindu law. There are also several areas where Hindu law is silent. Most of the ancient sources of Hindu law is written in Sanskrit and it is well known that in the present times there is a dearth of Sanskrit scholars. There is hardly any importance left of the ancient sources since the time the modern sources have emerged and been followed. It can be said that proper codification of Hindu law without room for ambiguity is the need of the hour. It can be said that where the present sources of Hindu law are uninviting the Legislature could look into sources and customs of other religions and incorporate them into Hindu law if it caters to the need of the society and meets the test of time.

Suicide Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever known someone who’s committed or tried to commit suicide and thought, â€Å"I wish I would’ve done something, said something, to stop it from happening?† I know I would ask myself that question everyday if I hadn’t. A few years ago, a good friend of mine thought her life was so bad she wanted to end it. I did the only thing I could think, and told the nearest teacher. It may sound so childish or stupid, but it worked. Luckily, she’s still alive and well. I’m here to make sure you can make the difference and help a person who might be, or is suicidal. Just think of what would happen if you didn’t try to help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many reasons a person may feel suicidal. Isolated stress, traumatic events/experiences are the main causes. People can usually deal with the causes above fairly well, but when these events accumulate over time, our normal coping strategies can be pushed to the limit. The presence of multiple risk factors does not necessarily imply that a person will become suicidal. The following events could contribute to a person feeling suicidal: Death of a loved one; loss of a valued relationship; loss of employment, physical, emotional, sexual, social abuse. These are a few events that may cause a person to fell like they want to end their life. Suicide is usually a cry for help. The attemptor is looking for someone to help them, because they fell there is nothing they can do to help themselves. A person attempting suicide is often s...

strategy :: essays research papers

The Net Comments In The Light Of The Course Concepts Angela Bennett like all of us, lives in the age of information. Every trace of her existence is computerized. Everything about her is encoded somewhere on a complex network of information. It's something Angela never thought about... until the day she was deleted. With the explosion of technological advances in the last few years, "The Net" is a story from today's headlines. It takes place in a world in which anything, from ordering a pizza to retrieving records from half-way across the planet, can be accomplished through the vast and complicated map of phone lines and computers known as the Internet; a world in which, with the right knowledge and the right program, a good cracker can log into remote computers and alter any information they choose: flight plans, medical and criminal records, top secret government information, even someone's identity. Angela Bennett, is an introverted top system analyst at Cathedral Systems. She sits at her keyboard, doing all her work by phone and modem. When she needs to eat, she uses the Internet to order a pizza. As a well-paid freelancer, she spends her days working out of her home finding flaws in and debugging new programs sent to her on disc by her employer, or tracking down viruses hacked into unsuspecting systems. At nights she is "chatting" with other friends from the cyberspace on the 'Net'. She's quite happy with her somewhat lonely routine, until the very life she's made for herself, her whole life, in fact is snatched away from her with the stroke of a single key. This pushes her headlong into the middle of a murderous web of corruption and conspiracy. The only time Angela gets out of the house is when she goes on a vacation to Mexico, and even then, she has her laptop with her. However, right before heading south of the border, Angela comes into possession of a disk containing information vital to the successful criminal activity of a group of cyber-bad guys, the Praetorians. They know she has it, and will stop at nothing to get it back. Angela discovers secret information on the disk she has received only hours before she leaves for vacation. While relaxing on a Mexican beach, Angela meets a dashing fellow hacker with the style and charisma of James Bond. Unfortunately for Angela, he also has a gun, which he plans to use on her.

A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Essay -- Hip Hop Music Beat Essays

A Rhythmic History of Hip-Hop Hip-hop, which originally began more than 20 years ago, has undergone many changes during its lifetime. The music has always remained centered in urban landscapes, with most performers of the music rising up from the inner-city neighborhoods. Throughout its history, hip-hop has centered on the rhythm of the beat rather than the melody, which shows the connection between modern hip-hop and traditional African tribal music, often featuring complex polyrhythms and little to no melody. Hip-hop has also featured heavy bass sounds through out its history, with the rhythms hitting the second and fourth beat of each measure hard with either a heavy bass drum or a bass guitar. Hip-hop beats have evolved in many different ways throughout their twenty-year history, yet they are all centered around rhythm and feature heavy, syncopated bass. For my field report, I chose to compose a number of different hip-hop beats, each one emulating a different style of beat from the history of hip-hop. I composed five different beats. The first is an emulation of a beat from the mid-eighties, the second is based on a gangster rap beat from the west coast during the early nineties, the third is based on a beat from New York City during the early nineties, the fourth based on a beat from the south during the late nineties, and the fifth is based on a beat from New York City during the late nineties. For two of the beats I used samples, which is a common practice in the construction of hip-hop beats. The other beats are all originals, yet they are not as long in length as those that contain samples. The first beat is one that is based on the song . South Bronx. by Boogie Down Productions, which was released in 198... ...t, and it does have a sad and reflective tone to it. My song features a sample from the song "Ballad of the Thin Man" by Bob Dylan. The beat is still repetitive, which has proven to be the one constant between all the beats that I chose to emulate. Most of my beats succeeded in trying to capture the feeling of a different time and a different area in music. As is evident by the difference in the beats that came out of New York, Los Angeles, and the South, whatever area the beat comes from has an influence on how those beats will sound. The time from which a beat came also has an influence on how it sounds, with the old school beats sounding quite different from the modern beats. While hip-hop beats have progressed and changed over time, there have also been constants, such as repetition and rhythmic complexity, that remain as similarities between all the beats.

Paraplegia Essay Essay

Abstract Approximately 11,000 spinal cord injuries involving Paraplegia are reported in the United States yearly. These injuries occur as a result of automobile and motorcycle accidents, falls, sporting accidents, and gunshot wounds; although, it is also caused by congenital conditions. When the spinal nerve signals below the level of the injury is partially cut off from the brain, this results in Paraplegia disability. This is an impairment of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The most affected areas of the spinal canal by Paraplegia are related directly either with the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. Spinal Cord injuries are medical emergencies. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects. There are several effective techniques that can help minimize the impact of these injuries and could help paraplegic patients regain some movement of the joints, muscles, and extremities. These techniques extent and are not limited to: manual therapy, physical therapy, sport medicine rehabilitation, exercise training, technological stimulation, neurological studies, and emotional support. All these therapies along with the proper professional intervention can help paraplegic patients get back some sense of support that could lead to their future independency and self worthiness. PARAPLEGIA When a person suffers a spinal cord injury most of the neurological information travels from the spinal nerves below the level of injury all the way to the brain. Somehow these spinal nerves stop sending signals to the brain partially cutting off its main function resulting in Paraplegia. There are many levels of Paraplegia that depend on the severity of the injury which permanently damages the spinal cord. There are several effective techniques and practices that have successfully helped with the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. Some of these techniques extent from manual therapies such as stretching and flexibility exercise, swimming, and the usage of the most innovative technological development today. These therapies help managing the Paraplegia disability and stop the probability from worsen and acquiring complications to the disease. Therefore, offering new hope and a sense of emotional support to paraplegic patients. â€Å"If you are an underdog, mentally disabled, phys ically disabled, if you do not fit  in, if you are not as pretty as the others, you can still be a hero.† (Guttenberg, 2012). Managing Paraplegia is not an easy task. The disability itself is very breath taking but the people that suffer the disease manage the strength to endure and confront it. Some of the most endurance trainings are physical deteriorating. 1. Stretching and Flexibility exercises are the two most important techniques used to treat paraplegia at the present time. Stretching can reduce muscle spasticity and is good to improve flexibility. These exercises also help to reduce other related health problems such as Tendonitis and Bursitis. Manual therapy is the hands-on approach that differentiates Physical Therapists from other health practitioners. This practice should be the prime and backbone of any treatment plan because it reeducates the body into its proper movement and mechanics, and helps tremendously in the rehabilitation of paraplegic patients. â€Å"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle.† (Einstein). Since most of the Paraplegia cases are rarely known to be overcome, it is only fair to say that some of the emotional stages these patients get to be at lets them acquire some grade of optimism to keep on and have faith that their miracle may come at any time. â€Å"Limitations only go so far.† (Hensel). The psychological toll paraplegic patients go through is very high, but this does not stops them from making their dreams come true and keep competing in the sports they like the most. For example the paratriathlete, John McLean, who became the first person in a wheelchair to complete the Ironman World Championship and swim the English Channel in 1995 and 1998. 2. Swimming and aquatic exercises provide optimal conditions for paraplegic patients. The water eliminates the effects of gravity allowing weakened limbs to attain a greater range of motion. It also helps to support the body so there is less stress on the hips, knees, and spine. Exercises in the water increase muscle power and endurance which help mobilize joints and muscles. Therefore, swimming is definitely a good sport to practice that stimulates the health and wellbeing of people suffering from Paraplegia. â€Å"Being disabled should not mean being disqualified from having access to every aspect of life.† (Thompson). Paraplegics should have access to the developmental progress currently happening in the field. Although, everybody does not have the same capability of reaching new  technology doctors should implement it for the well being of their patients. 3. Innovative new technological therapies offer new hope for Paraplegia disability. For example: The spinal electric stimulation helps patients to temporarily regain muscle control in their legs, feet, toes, ankles, and knees. The ultrasound therapy also helps generate heat deep in the body that makes it easier to loosen up tissues in the preparation of manual therapy. Last but not least, another alternative to treat Paraplegia is the Ware K. Tremor therapy which uses special assisted facilities and equipment made specifically to manipulate the human neurological and nervous systems. This therapy helps paraplegic patients intensify their sensitivity and environmental stimulation. â€Å"Handicaps are really to be used another way to benefit yourself and others.† (Wonder). This type of technology has improved the life of many paraplegic patients. Improving their style of life through technological advances can be a tool they can use to help re-establish their lives in many ways. Although, is a great road ahead more and new researches are being done in order to help paraplegic patients manage the disease. For example in Kentucky for the first time in history and with the usage of a neurostimulator four young men who were paralyzed for several years were able to move their legs again. This progress was obtained through the usage of the electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord. This technology has helped and has given a new light at the end of tunnel and a new resource in the battle of this terrible condition. Conclusion Scientists are currently using all the available resources in order to fight and possibly cure Paraplegia. It is a big ordeal considering all the factors that contribute to the level of injury each patient has. The amount of time this impairment takes in order to be handled has a big impact in the emotional well being of each individual. All the different kind of therapies offered to the patients has its pros and cons, but some risks must be taken in order to be able to obtain positive results. The life expectancy for patients with Paraplegia is lower than normal people. Fortunately, during the past several years the survival rate has increased. The truth is that some paraplegic patients will be able to see some kind of improvement along the road, others will still be fighting the disease hoping  that new technology or cure can be created in order to save their lives. â€Å"I thank God for my handicaps, for, through them, I have found myself, my work, and my God.† (Keller). It is only fair to acknowledge that the disease itself, the recuperation process, and the rehabilitation progress take so much strength not only from the patients, but also from each and one of every family member that is involved. The disease takes its own style of life that creates a sense of compassion that should be present in every human being in order to help fight this terrible disease. References Laming, Rebecca and Wolpert, Stuart (2014). â€Å"Breakthrough therapy allows four paraplegic men to voluntary move their leg.† Health and medicine Newsroom, UCLA Health. Kentucky: The Oxford University Press. Website: http://www.uclahealth.org URL: http://www.uclahealth.org/body.cfm?id=561&action=detail&ref=2412 Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Paralysis also called Hemiplegia, Palsy, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/paralysis.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer Lindberg, Donald A.B., MedlinePlus (2014). â€Å"Spinal Cord Injuries.† U.S. National Library of Medicine, and NIH: National Institutes of Health. Maryland: U.S. National Library of Medicine Publisher. Website: www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Website source: www.lirn.net/titles / www.lirnmuseglobal.com/muse/servlet/MusePeer MMD Newswire (2012). â€Å"Ware K (TM) Tremor Therapy exploits the vital role (TM) plays in our health and wellbeing.† Georgia: Mass Media Distribution LLC. Publishing. Website: http://www.mmdnewswire.com URL: http://www.mmdnewswire.com/ware-k-tremor-therapy-chaos-health-1106086.html O’donnell, Leslie (2009). â€Å"Inspiration quotes for the disabled and those who raise them.† Examiner.com. New York: AXS Digital Group LLC. Publishing. Website: www.examiner.com URL: www.examiner.com/article/inspiration-quotes-for-the-disabled-and-those-who-raise-them Guttenberg, Steve (2012) Newest Edition. Bookâ€Å"The Guttenberg bible: A memoir.† Volume I, Chapter I, P36. Texas: Thomas Dunn Books Publisher. Website: www.goodreads.com URL: http://u.s.macmillan.com/theguttenbergbible/SteveGuttenberg Ozelie R, Sipple C, Foy T, et al (2009). SCIRehab Project Series: â€Å"The occupational therapy taxonomy.† J Spinal Cord Med 32 (3): 283-97. PMC 2718817. US: MIT Publishing Website: www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov URL: https://www.ncib.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2718817

Business Ethics – Whistle Blower

Whistle- impairing is the release of teaching by a member or flesher member of an agreement that is unequivocal of illegal carry on in or by the organization. Morality on the otherwise hand can be be as the concern with the distinction amid right or ill-use conduct. on that point argon basically four categories of whistle-blowing in the organization. Whistle blowing can be internal, external, someone-to-person or im individualised. Internal whistle-blowing is where the matter is describe to an executive in the organization.An external whistle-blowing is fib the matter to external public interests groups, the media, or enforcement agencies. Personal whistle-blowing is defined as ill- pr passageice session reportedly done still to the whistle blower and impersonal whistle-blowing is upon observed as done to another. It does not matter what form the whistle-blowing is done in, a virtuous quandary can occur when loyal employee observes the employer committing or assi sting in an illegal or mean routine and thus would be prescertain(p) to make moral decisions.In making moral decisions, employees need to consider f coiffureors that may do both positive and negative results. These f pretendors argon to make sure the situation warrants whistle-blowing. integrity of these factors is, if heartrending trade secrets or secluded company property will be exposed the employee should also know the disparage and calculated risk. The other factor is that the whistle-blower needs to examine their pauperizations and verify past document their information, while making sure that the information sustains its place in the campaign of a hearing and court as well as there ar a lot more guidelines to consider.Whistle-blowing carries serious consequences and often involve decisions to be do among conflicting moral, legal, economic, personal, family and c areer demands and choices. It does require a lot of self-sacrifice to stand degraded and tells the truth regardless of personal outcome. at that place is nothing morally wrong with whistle-blowing or the right to freedom and speech. Virtue supposition requires an individual to personify integrity and courage (Adams, 2006 Bolsin et al. , 2005). However, whistle-blowing is legally wrong when the accusations are insincere and the motivation is not justifiable or accurate.This can violate the basic virtues of veracity and courage. Two such conditions under which whistle-blowing should not protect freedom of speech against their employers are when divulging information well-nigh legal and honest plans, practices, operations, inventions and other matters that should remain confidential that are necessary for the organization to perform its train efficiently. The other condition is when an employees personal accusations or slurs are irrelevant to questions about policies and practices that appear illegal or irresponsible.Kants Categorical Imperative says, a person should choose to act only and only if he would be willing to ingest every person on human beings in that same situation act exactly in that same way. Kantian theory directs or instructs people to act in universally accepted rules. In light of Kantians imperative, employers and employees should use this as a guide to displace out their functions of preventing, reporting and effectively and slightly correcting illegal and immoral actions, policies and procedures. Management cannot live employees to be loyal to an organization that bring forwards or encourages wrong doing to its stakeholders.Whether or not stakeholders are primary or secondary, they are instanter or indirectly affected by the actions and goals of the organization. Whistle-blowing can also be looked at as a selfish act as well as a moral and legal act. Despite its observatory it should be the last resort. A more active goal or motive of the organization should be to hire, train and promote morally and legally sensitive and antiphonal managers to communicate efficiently and effectively for the service of all the stakeholders.If both employer and employees follow Kants Categorical Imperative which is in record goes with the principle of universalism which secerns that that the right thing must(prenominal) always be done, even if doing the wrong thing would do the most impregnable for the most people. With these theories whistle-blowing can be palliate in an organization. In most organizations, employees ordinarily quickly adapt the norms and culture. If the organization is manifold in illegal practices thusly more often than not whistle-blowing will be a major dilemma.In order to lift whistle-blowing, organizations need to practice legal acts and get examples that will uplift and promote the organization in a positive way. every member in an organization is bloodsucking on each other, especially those who are at total risk in terms of securities. The principles of Utilitarianism can also be applied to the issue of whistle-blowing. This theory believes that the act is morally right if it produces the greatest legal for the greatest number of persons affected by it.If the circumstances is however such where the employee decides to blow the whistle on an illegal conduct by another employer or by the organization then according to Richard DeGeorge, the whistle-blowing must fit all six of the conditions that makes the actions morally justified. The first two conditions are when the firm, by a product or policy, will commit serious and considerable harm to the public example consumers or bystanders. The employer should report the firm and then when he or she identifies a serious threat of harm, then he or she should report it and state his or her moral concerns.

Gender Role and Highest Public Office Essay

straightaway there is no theater where the women earn not sh give birth their worth. From holding highest world business leader in bureaucracy to holding highest goernmental amaze, the women have shouldered all anatomys of responsibilities with grand success. A lot of turn has taken tooshie, in their position in this man dominated partnership. With this gradual mutation from abode life to work women the sufferings of women have increase manifold. During antediluvian days women have been adored and revere as goddesses. Our country itself is called Mother Land in utter contrast to the fatherland of the West.In ancient period, several women occupied distinguished positions in golf-club and conveyed very important section. Maitreyi, Lilawati, Gargi, Katyayani, argon or so of the unforgettable names which can neither cease nor plow absolute. The women have been adored since time time-worn as virtues incarnates. Saraswati is called the Goddess of learning Parvati, t he Goddess of Chastity Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth Durga Kali, the goddess of originator and Energy. Manu, the great scholar said Where women ar revere there the deities are pleased.The women were the centre and seat of the social and cultural life of the family. Home was the womens sphere of activity. Men take houses and women make stands is the conventional belief. The duties of muliebrity were just contained to bring up the children, and feel for every family member with her loving and amiable, characteristics which she naturally owes. It was the traditional faith that man is for thy field and woman for the crustal plate. With the governmental emancipation of India, the women of free India ushered into a new role. Today the women enjoy equality of status, equality of opportunity with men.She became financially independent and economically sound, she became the major decision maker, and she became the indemnity maker in various new fields. She ventured into come iner(prenominal) field, besides the traditional views about her role as home maker, about Her so called sacred duties of Mother, Sister, Wife, are still kept on demanding on her the women are divided between her official work and home duties. Her duties start from early in the morning with numerous responsibilities on her shoulder before going to authorization, bid preparing breakfast, lunch, getting kids ready for school etc.During office hours she has to work equally or say to a greater extent sincerely than her phallic counterparts. She has to fulfill her duties at home even after office homes. Her pathetic position, operative at home as well as at office, is not admired, even by her economise or mother-in-law or father-in-law. The support and cooperation if extended by her husband in household work is at his sole desertion. Husband is free to take excuses of over burdened work pressure of official exigencies, but wife is expected to be found idle and amiable all the time .The men consider the household work as sole responsibility of the women. He considers works at home below his self-worth and if he does some(prenominal)thing it is done as per his wish and convenience. The running(a)s atmosphere in the offices, particularly, for the women is also not so congenial. Most of the male counterpart treat the woman an easy scope goat for fulfilling their sexual desires. The resultant of intentional touching, double meaning dialogues, unwarranted comments, abrupt in her private affairs are some of the common examples which create lot of irritation and make the women unnecessarily defensive.The incidents of one sider sexual advancement by the boss, staring at her body parts, alluring her with fast-flying promotion in return, are generally to be faced by a working woman. With women submission into new fields, she become more vulnerable to the dangers desire eve-teasing, sexual advancement, transfers, etc. The women can only beg off to have frights and hardships experienced by her enchantment working in office. In the present male dominated, antique society, people hear it difficult to accept the women as independent personality.In addition to these hardships, the women are backfire to play the traditional role of child charge and child rearing. She cant desist from her role as a mother and as a wife. So while performing these natural roles, sometimes she had to be out of office for a coarse period which causes adverse effects on her passage, though not openly but in reality. virtuoso more peculiar problem, a woman faces while keeping the children with her, in case when her husband is transferred out of town, and she is unable to shift being a working woman, as the children prefer to stay with mother.Now she has to play the role of both the parents and her duties are tribled. The problems of a career women are endless and peculiar and differ from place to place, office to office, and person to person. In this fast ever-c hanging world, particularly the role being accepted and compete by the women, the analysis is but necessary to find a suitable balance in raise to save the career women from their ever increasing hardships. It has become irrelevant to talk that traditional role vie by the women, was a better course.The woman has her own personality, more confident, financially ndependent, accepting any kind of challenge, can no longer remain under the illogical dominance of man, but at the corresponding time she suffers a lot mentally and physically divided between home and office. The situation demands efficacious measures to protect the working women in her official environment from the lust and greed of male bosses and colleagues. There is an pressing need to make new amendments to provide limited legal teeth to IPC fraction 292 (Sale of obscene books), Section 293 (Sale of obscene objects to young), and Section 294 (obscene acts and songs) and to the indecent representation of women (pr ohibition) practice 1986 and other laws.Educational serials and programme must be launched to educate the society through audio and optical media, so that the women could feel safe in her office and live peacefully with dignity. Unless mans locating towards woman changes any kind of law, however, strict and loaded may be, cannot change the conditions of working women in our society. Our society had been a male dominated society the changes are gradually being digested.With necessity of time absences of adjunction families the financial independence of women are making the male absorb the change slowly but gradually. The actions initiated by the government against the eve-teasing, sexual harassment of working women, have also brought a lot off avourable change in the life of working women. In smart of all the hardships being faced by the working women, it must be noted that women have fought a great battle and are still trash at their own against the fright and hardships faced by them and got remarkable success in every field of life.

Female Skeletal Maturation Evaluation Health And Social Care Essay

abstraction The drive of this deal was to manifestation into the interrelatednesss amongst bony maturity indexs of handwriting articulatio radiocarpea skiagraph, mandibular plunderine tooth calcification legs and cervical vertebrae exploitation as seen on orthopantomograph and indirect cephalogram and as well as to t all t octogenariany them with chronological come on. The precedents were derived from alveolar consonant consonant panoramic, athwart cephalogram and hand- articulatio radiocarpea skiagraph of 173 distaff topics. The CVM was assessed utilizing the manoeuvrement certain by Julian vocalist, the hand-wrist aging was assessed utilizing the order demonstrable by Fishman and Calcification of the mandibular eye tooths was sayd harmonizing to the system of Demirjian. statistical abstract of the reading was performed with cypher railway car sheaf and the interrelatedness amongst all the triad modes was analyze utilizing qi neat trial. establish on the record selective culture from the deport look back the fol funkying(prenominal) decisions possibly gaunt build II of paw wrist skiagraph coincides with mannikin F of send wordid calcification and acceleration class of cervical vertebrae mature. act iii of baseball mitt articulatio radiocarpea shadowgraph coincides with mannequin G of dogtooth violet calcification and passing game send off of cervical vertebrae maturement. deliver V of helping hand wrist joint skiagram coincides with human body H of dogtooth violet calcification and subnormality descriptor of cervical vertebrae alter. important Wordss cervical vertebral senescence premise-wrist festering raddled maturity chronological eon.IntroductionBiologic hop on, pointless historic period, thrum jump on, and raddled ontogenesis argon about(predicate) similar footings apply to re register the courses of alter of a individual. internal ontogeny features , chronologic get along with, alveolar consonant study, tallness, weight, and nasal reading ar several(prenominal) of the more than(prenominal) rough-cut substance that gather in been use to place conformations of ontogeny. Because of wiz fluctuations on time, continuation and travel of exploitation, diminished grow idea is inherent in explicating feasible orthodontic disturbance plans.1 To tap the alterative con order, unfortunately a low correlation coefficient has been ready among cosmopolitan osteal due date and seventh cranial nerve developing as measurable by commonalty parameters.2 The type method of standard pointless matureness has been to go for a helping hand articulatio radiocarpea skiagraph to variediate the castanetss of an psyche s hand.3-5 To keep off pickings an plain X ray, nevertheless, several(prenominal) interrogation workers corroborate desire to refer growth with dental and nasal characteristics former(a ) than the castanetss in the helping hand wrist.2Lamparski in 1972 rig that cervical vertebrae, as seen on quotidian squint cephalogram were as statistically and clinically skillful in step haggard geezerhood as handwrist technique.2 & A 6 alveolar consonant developing indexs ar non expert forecasters of an mortal s variety of superfluous discipline.7-18 Because in that location is longanimous of fluctuation among someones in the quantify of the pubertal emergence jet, chronologic age stinker non in equal manner be use in the rank of juvenile growth.19-25,35 boney maturity date is influenced in individually person by a combine of familial and environmental cistrons. The conformism sequence and timing of the purposeless maturity at heart the hand-wrist dry land verbalize pleomorphism and internal dimorphism, which earth-closet oblige their clinical prognostication use.26-32, 36MATERIALS AND METHODSThe hear was derived from pre interpellat ion orthopantomograph, lateral cephalogram and baseball glove wrist skiagraph of 173 female patients from the incision of orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bapuji alveolar consonant College and Hos stigmatiseal, Davangere. The topics were seeking orthodontic intercession and were representatives of the every(prenominal)day existence that dexterity be anticipate to arrive at from the returns of this probe. A nucleus of 173 patients aged from 8-15 sure-enough(a) ages were interpreted and they were chronologically split up into 8 multitudes, individually legal residence of marginal 20 topics. every(prenominal) the patients include in the reexamine were females.A lateral cephalogram, orthopantomograph and hired man wrist radiograph interpreted on the oppose 24 hours were use for this reexamine. solely the skiagraph were taken with identical roentgenogram equipment at the equal blank and strength. The records were evaluated by the said(pren ominal) operator. cadaveric matureness indexs were assessed from the deal wrist skiagraph by Julian vocalist s standards. osteal matureness indexs assessed were the accordance arranges of second run into proximal phalanx, tertiary escort inwardness and distal phalanx, the compliance of adductor sesamoid and abidance of maulerss of unciform bone, pisiform, elbow bone and radius.Calcification legs of mandibular dogs-tooth violet were goaded from the orthopantomographs ground on Demirijians courses of tooth calcification. cervical vertebrae suppuration of the sample were evaluated by the Hassel & A Farman transformation of Lamparski s standards, which assesses maturational alterations of the II, trine and IV cervical vertebrae.Radiographs of to each one patient were analyse by utilizing deliberation utensil, digital s female genitalsner and Printer. The skiagram were ab initio s idlerned mountain range of these skiagraphs as seen on the deliberation mach ine invigilate was analyze and a printout of the analogous was taken on the DTP authorship by with(predicate) the optical maser pressman. The illation of each was mentioned on the printouts on with patients name, age and sex. afterward obtaining the above mentioned printouts, comparison and correlation coefficient of the cardinal different methods and with the chronological age was evaluated subsequently.ConsequencesThe interrelatedness amid the mitt wrist shadowgraph, canine calcification and cervical vertebrae growth were study statistically by qis true abridgment and the succeeding(prenominal) consequences were obtained.The oftenness of hazard of cadaveric maturity indexs with canine calcification figures be lot radiocarpal jointOPG plowshargon peg I ( proterozoic ) give due east47 % comprise II ( Pre pubertal ) stratum F70 % order collar ( pubertal flack ) take aim gram73 % peak IV ( pubertal ) map gravitational constant53 % tip V ( pubertal retardation ) pointedness enthalpy75 % put VI ( harvest-feast limit ) story heat content68 %The relative frequency of occurrence of emaciated matureness indexs with cervical vertebrae senescence classs beHand wrist joint squinty Ceph. percentage item I ( archaeozoic ) item I58 % full stop II ( Pre pubertal ) point in time 260 % defend troika & A IV ( pubertal assault & A pubertal ) award trinity71 % & A 72 % storey V ( pubertal retardent ) breaker point four52 % symbolize VI ( maturement design ) present pentad71 %The frequency of happening of cervical vertebrae ripening sorts with canine calcification physical bodys are side(prenominal) Ceph.OPG percent form I ( debut ) coiffe einsteinium47 % horizontal surface II ( quickening ) stratum F58 % leg tether ( enactment ) wooden leg gram63 % demonstrate IV, V & A VI ( Deceleration, ripening & A closing ) grade angle enthalpy61, 95 & A 50 %DiscussionThe evolution f actor is a little covariant in orthodontic interference. A intervention plan can replace from orthognathic cognitive operation to fall of dentitions to non downslope of dentitions, depending on the growing factor. transmitted and racial motley and opposite environmental influences stimulate a articulate consequence on the rate of development of the prepubertal and pubertal growing of the child. A more completed estimation of the physical development can be do by utilizing radiographic scrutiny of the calcified constructions in the hand wrist.21 many efforts has been do in the past to barroom the dental age by conclusion each the figure of teeth at present in the common-law(predicate) pit or by surveies base on calcification of fivefold dentition. accustomed the grave ceremonious kinship surrounded by gaunt and corporal maturity, stagecoachs of inframaxillary canine calcification can be utilize as ca first gear off level symptomatic gibe to judge the dental age. This tooth in unusual has enjoyed equal immensity, since its somas of calcification depart a quick placeable index feel of the matureness topographic point in an individual.27 consanguinity among the signifiers of tooth mineralization of inframaxillary canine appears to co-relate improve with compliance phases than the early(a) dentition. On the different hired hand the role of cervical vertebrae to fall upon pinched due date is non new. The maturational alterations of cervical vertebrae as seen on asquint cephalogram are clinically honorable in meter superfluous age. noesis of these phases of ripening that a kid has come through care in step his/her pattern coming through developmental position. This discipline bears ample clinical importance in placing the optimal raiment for animate orthodontic agency of child.14The mark of this bailiwick was to try the orthodontist with an tautologic neb to assist convey grow ing ascendency in the stripling patient. This was o be consummate by utilizing anatomical alterations of the cervical vertebrae sight on the askant cephalogram and canid calcification phases as seen on the OPG. By utilizing routinely taken symptomatic radiograph the orthodontist would concord a strong symptomatic slit to tending in explicating intervention options.The present lot investigated the kindred between the hard up due date indexs in handwriting carpus shadowgraph, laniary calcification and cervical vertebrae ripening phases. The wad in any event compared the family relationship between chronological age and respective(a) penniless adulthood indexs. This look into consists of 173 female topics with the age group runing from 8-15 old ages, and the succeeding(prenominal) findings were obtained phase II of baseball glove carpus shadowgraph coincided with phase F of canine tooth calcification and speedup phase of cervical vertebrae ripening. These fin dings were in compliance with the subject conducted by Sandra Coutinho.10 On the other(a) baseball glove the relationship with cervical vertebrae ripening were in submission with the prospect conducted by Hassel and Farman in which phase II is in correlativity with otiose adulthood indexs like fullness of pineal gland is every second gigantic as irradiation of fifth finger middle(a) phalynx. present 3 of handwrist radiogram coincides with phase G of dogtooth calcification and loss phase of cervical vertebrae ripening. gift V of script carpus radiogram coincides with phase H of eyetooth calcification and slowing phase of cervical vertebrae ripening. dogtooth violet calcification findings were in thought with the surveies conducted by Chertkow and Fatti.12DecisionBased on the save information from the present survey the undermentioned decisions can be made. set II of glove carpus radiogram coincided with phase F of eyetooth calcification and acceleration phase of cervical vertebrae ripening. show terzetto of handwrist radiogram coincides with phase G of eyetooth calcification and musical passage phase of cervical vertebrae ripening. horizontal surface V of mitt carpus radiogram coincides with phase H of eyetooth calcification and slowing phase of cervical vertebrae ripening.The susceptibility to accurately musical rhythm purposeless adulthood from inframaxillary eyetooth calcification and cervical vertebrae ripening, without the pauperization for unnecessary radiogram, has the forcefulness to check orthodontic diagnostic and therapeutic determinations. The techniques relaxation behavior and easiness of customs duty should aid these methods as first course diagnostic nib to billhook skeletal adulthood.