Shakespeares Othello - There Would be No Othello Without Iago Essay

There would be No Othello without Iago     Despite the fact that the name of the play composed by William Shakespeare is classified Othello, the character Othello isn't the primary character, but instead Iago is. Iago is the character who drives the play, he is the person who gets things going. Without his avarice and abhorred, there would be no play by any means. The entire play is based on Iago's retribution and in doing as such, he is eager to make others' lives hopeless. Through Othello, Iago utilizes different characters to retaliate for an inappropriate doings which Othello has perpetrated upon him, and will go to any way to do as such.            The play begins with Iago not achieving the position he needed from Othello, but instead the position was given to Cassio, who in Iago's psyche is inadequate for the activity. This is the place Iago begins to turn his trap of annihilation. Iago loathes Othello with an energy, and in his heart he really accepts that Othello has laid down with his better half Emilia. I loathe the Moor, and it is abroad that 'twixt my sheets 'has done my office Othello. Act I. iii. 429-431. Being set aside for the lieutenant position made him significantly progressively distraught. He at that point settled on an arrangement and made full move upon it to manhandle Othello's ear that he (Cassio) is excessively acquainted with his (Othello's) spouse Othello. Act I. iii. 438-439.            Roderigo was Iago's manikin. He thought everything that Iago let him know and consistently did as he stated, which at long last got him slaughtered. Through the play one ponders regularly why Roderigo continues following Iago's requests, and it was on the grounds that he really adored Desdemona. He was eager to slaughter himself in the event that he was unable to have her I... ...sp;    Every individual that interacted with Iago wound up dead or injured here and there. Iago controlled everybody he knew for his own methods. At long last he got all that he needed. He sought retribution on Othello and wound up executing three individuals and truly injuring one individual all the while. One of the individuals who kicked the bucket was his own significant other, however he could have thought less about that as long as he succeeded. In the event that Iago was nowhere to be found and didn't convey with him the ill will, scorn, voracity, and self-centeredness, none of those hostile things would have occurred, however at that point, there wouldn't be a play either. Terrible characters are required in plays and throughout everyday life. On the off chance that we generally got what we needed and terrible things never occurred, at that point life would be exhausting. Iago tormented and messed with Othello's psyche, and he delighted in this e normously, it was his objective and he accomplished it.  

Risk Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders Construction Industry

Question: Portray about the Risk Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders for Construction Industry. Answer: Presentation Hazard the board of MSDs is one of the significant worries for businesses inside Australia as they keep confronting a high number of remuneration claims from influenced laborers. The development business is one of the areas that face a high number of MSD cases because of the physical idea of the assignments did by laborers. The Australian government has set up various systems to guarantee that there are both long haul and transient measures, which will viably bring down the instances of MSDs to globally acknowledged gauges. These systems are remembered for the Australian Work Safety and Health Strategy for 2012-2022, and comprise of set focuses to be accomplished before the finish of the period. These, objectives incorporate designs to lessen paces of pay claims identified with injury fatalities and MSDs. This report will likewise incorporate a writing audit on the hazard the board of MSDs and a survey of the AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 standard system, standards and techniques for legitim ate hazard the board. The report will additionally give proposals on measures to the executives of MSDs in the development business. A Review The Safe Work Australia 2012-22 Strategy: Performance Targets For Musculoskeletal Disorders The Safe Work Australia 2012-22 Strategy includes the plans set out to guarantee that before the finish of 2022, there will be lower frequencies of passings, wounds and ailments identified with work forms inside Australia and its whole region. This is incorporated in the Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 20122022. The technique was shown up at in the wake of inspecting the National OHS Strategy because of the need to give reasonable consideration on improving key zones in word related wellbeing. Notwithstanding the upgrades in the work wellbeing and security division, information on OHS by 2012 demonstrated that averagely over 250 laborers in Australian regions kicked the bucket from wounds continued while at work every year. A gauge of over 2000 laborers kicked the bucket because of business related sickness yearly. Between the year 2009 and 2010, an aggregate of 640 000 laborers had been to have encountered business related wounds or potentially sickness. Inside a similar period, around 303 000 laborers got made up for at least one injury/ailment. The all out expense of these work environment injury and diseases to the economy of Australia during the money related year (2008-2009), had been $60.6 billion. The cost spoke to an entire 4.8% of the GDP of Australia. Financial expenses realized by the business related wounds, disease and furthermore demise had been altogether borne by laborers, families, the network and the businesses. In such manner, the methodology targets advancing a workplace that is protected and gainful. Essentially alluded to as the Australian Strategy, it is an approach that that includes 4 significant anticipated results; Decreased frequencies of passings, wounds and diseases identified with work forms Decreased danger or potentially chance introduction among laborers Improved control of dangers Improved wellbeing and security framework inside various work environments in all parts of the nation. Explicit Targets of the Australian Strategy Aside from the above focused results, the Australian procedure centers around three fundamental explicit focuses to be accomplished toward the year's end 2022. To begin with, the system focuses to achieve above 20% decrease in injury-related fatalities to the laborers in all working environments. This objective depended on an examination between the Australian casualty rates because of wounds between the year 2008 and 2010, and that of the best performing nations including UK, Sweden and Switzerland. As indicated by the 3-year normal, the Australian casualty rate was at 2.5 fatalities/100 000 workers. The best performing nations referenced had underneath 2.0 fatalities/100000 workers. Along these lines, there is have to decrease further, the fatalities because of wounds by 20% so as to hit beneath 2.0 fatalities/100000 workers. Also, the methodology focuses to accomplish above 30% rates in the decrease of genuine remuneration claims rate for pay among laborers. This objective depends on the consistent decrease of genuine remuneration guarantee rate among laborers as from the year 2009 to 2012. The system demonstrates that guess, for example, pattern in kept up for the remainder of the period, at that point this rate could be brought to 7.9 remuneration claims/1000 specialists continuously 2022. This implies 33% decrease of the genuine cases will have been accomplished. Thirdly, the Australian technique targets accomplishing past 30% decrease in genuine pay guarantee rates among laborers especially because of musculoskeletal issue (MSDs). This objective was additionally founded on the way that on the off chance that the, at that point pattern in 2012 could be kept up with respect to lessening pay claims identified with MSDs, at that point by 2022, the accomplished levels could be 32% lesser than the underlying time frame. Subsequently, by 2022, the pace of remuneration guarantee occurrence identified with MSDs will be 32% not exactly during the periods between 2009-2010 and 20112012. This infers rate pace of cases for pay will be 4.7 cases/1000 specialists in 2022. The significant concern is that the connection between expanded preventive activity on wellbeing and wellbeing and lower business related body wounds may not likely follow this sort of steady decrease design over the long haul. This implies 30% decrease in remunerations asserts on MSD-rel ated condition could be trying to accomplish. Writing Review Dale et al (2014) The creators look at musculoskeletal scatters asserts between floor layers and those among everyone of representatives. In their examination they characterize MSDS as scatters as well as wounds which for the most part influence ordinary body development among individuals through meddling with the working of the musculoskeletal framework. In this diary, the various segments of the musculoskeletal framework influenced by these clutters incorporate the muscles, circles of the spine, tendons, veins and the nerves. MSDs incorporate tendonitis, computerized neuritis, epicondylitis, the degenerative circle sicknesses, herniated as well as cracked plates, hyper-extended tendon, the carpal passage condition, the mechanical back disorder among others. The creators show that there are higher quantities of revealed instances of MSDs among floor layers than among other general working representatives. Salem et al, (2008) These scientists concentrated on how work similarity impacts paces of musculoskeletal issue inside the development business. In the diary, the analysts include diverse business related hazard variables to MSDs, a standard from contradiction of work. The diary underscores that the structure of some random work place like in the development business, decides the turn of events and degree of the MSDs among the laborers. At whatever point laborers submit themselves as well as are compelled to complete assignments that are past their physical abilities with perilous apparatuses, they regularly chance wounds and malady conditions to their musculoskeletal framework. Any assessments that should be possible unbiasedly on such a workstation for the most part show, that the errands did are past the laborers capacities and are contrary. Mathew, L. (2014) Mathew (2014) analyzes how Stress impacts MSDs among laborers in the Indian development ventures in Kerala. The creator demonstrates that activity worry in Construction Company prompting MSDs could be because of high assignment redundancy. A ton of work in the development business for example, includes a ton of cycles that laborers need to make. These dull errands are done every now and again and normally depend on fixed-period creation targets. The work procedure could be hourly or potentially day by day and in this manner, laborers need to guarantee that they make the high number of rounds to finish a specific undertaking. This realizes pressure both truly and inwardly. Employments can be named exceptionally monotonous if each cycle takes under 30 seconds. High reiteration went with other introduction dangers like unbalanced stances bring about the improvement of MSDs among laborers. Liao Chiang (2016) These scientists concentrated on methods of decreasing word related wounds that outcome from in-attentional visual deficiency inside the various regions of the development business. They demonstrate that powerful efforts which structure some portion of ergonomic hazard variables could result from in-consideration among laborers. A ton of errands include overwhelming burdens and hence a high power is applied on the body. So as to effectively lift and move these heaps laborers muscle exertion increments so as to withstand the power. The resultant weakness may persevere and wind up as musculoskeletal issue. Continued unbalanced stances which are likewise dreary apply a great deal of power on the body joints of laborers while over-burdening the body muscles, tendons and ligaments inside the joint under use. Anatomically, body joints are best and effective while working inside the mid-extend joint movement. In the development business, the easygoing specialists make a great deal of high p ower cycles which work the joints past this mid-go in situations where laborers don't focus on wellbeing measures. Accordingly, they increment the danger of supporting musculoskeletal issue around the influenced joints. Konda et al (2016) The three creators concentrated on featuring lethal awful wounds of the mind inside the development business as from the year 2003 to 2010. These scientists draw out a portion of the individual factors that lead to such MSD cases. One of the individual-based hazard factor to getting MSDs incorporates poor work rehearses among laborers particularly in the development and mining ventures. Singular specialists utilize a poor work practice and lifting procedures which acquaint dangers with the improvement of MSDs such blackouts because of falling goals that hit the head. The works on realize preventabl

Break-Even Analysis What, Why, and How

Break-Even Analysis What, Why, and How Break-even analysis, one of the most popular business tools, is used by companies to determine the level of profitability. It provides companies with targets to cover costs and make a profit. It is a comprehensive guide to help set targets in terms of units or revenue. © Shutterstock.com | astephanIn this article, we look at 1) break-even analysis and how it works, 2) application and benefits, and 3) calculations, assumptions, and interpretations.BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS, AND HOW IT WORKSDefinitionBreak-even analysis is a business tool widely used across all industries to evaluate business performance in terms of costs, since this is a supply-side analysis. Break-even analysis is an important aspect of a good business plan, since it helps the business determine the cost structures, and the number of units that need to be sold in order to cover the cost or make a profit. Break-even analysis is usually done as part of a business plan to see the how practical the business idea is, and whether or not it is worth pursuing. Even after a business has been set-up, break-even analysis can be immensely helpful in the pricing and promotion process, along with cost control.Simply put, break-even point can be determined by calculating the point at which revenue rec eived equals the total costs associated with the production of the goods or services.Break-even Point = Fixed Costs/ (Unit Selling Price Variable Costs)The Concept Behind the AnalysisUsing the above formula, the business can determine how many units it needs to produce in order to break-even. Once the business has reached this point, in sales or units sold, all costs (Fixed and Variable) have been recovered. Beyond this point, every additional unit sold will result in increasing profit for the business. The increase in profit will be by the amount of unit contribution margin, which is the amount of additional revenues that goes towards covering the fixed costs and profit. It can be calculated as follow:Unit Contribution Margin = Sales Price Variable CostsCostsThere are two distinct nature of costs that a business has to incur in its normal operational activities:Fixed CostsThese costs stay the same regardless of how many units the company is producing. These include start-up costs , and other capital expenses which do not have to be paid periodically. Rent, insurance, utility bills and repairs are also considered fixed costs, since variations are minute and the amount does not directly depend on the number of items produced. For example, if a tire manufacturer rents a building at $2000 per month, and decides to produce 100 tires, the fixed cost will be $2000. The amount will stay the same if even there is no activity and zero tires are produced.Variable costsThese costs are directly associated with the number of units produced, and these are recurring in nature, since they have to be paid periodically. As the business produces more and more goods and services, these costs increase proportional. For example, the cost of rubber required to manufacture a tire is $10. If company produces zero tires, the total variable costs comes down to $0 (10*0). On the other hand, if the company produces 500 tires, the total variable costs comes down to $5000 (500*10). These c osts usually include material, labor, direct sales and promotion, storage etc.RevenueRevenue is the money that a business actually receives from its customers for the provisions of goods and services during a particular period. Discounts and deductions have already been adjusted, which means it is the gross income from which various costs are later deducted in order to calculate profit or loss. Total revenue can be calculated by multiplying the price at which goods or services are sold by number units sold.Contribution MarginContribution margin can be calculated by subtracting variable expenses from the revenues. The contribution margin shows how much of the company’s revenues will be contributing towards covering the fixed costs. It can be expressed on per unit basis or for the total amount. It can also be expressed as a percentage of net sales.Two Types of Break-Even Calculations â€" Units and SalesCalculation of Break-even point in unitsBreak-even point is usually calculated in units, which gives the company the number of units it must produce in order to break-even. It can be calculated by dividing contribution margin by total fixed costs:Break-even point (Units) = Fixed Costs/Contribution margin per unitCalculation of Break-even point in sales valueIn the previous example, the break-even point was calculated in terms of number of units. Break-even point can also be calculated in sales value (Dollars). This can be done by dividing company’s total fixed costs by contribution margin ratio.Contribution Margin = Contribution Margin per Unit/Sales Price per UnitORContribution Margin = (Sales Price Variable Costs) /Sales Price per UnitContribution margin, when expressed as percentage of sales is called contribution margin ratio. Example: Calculate contribution margin, total contribution margin and contribution margin ratio using the following information:Price Per Unit$20Units Sold5000Variable Cost Per unit$12SolutionTotal Sales= 5000 × $20 = $100,000Total Variable Cost= 5000 × $12 = $60,000Total Contribution Margin= $100,000 $60,000= $40,000Contribution Margin Per Unit= $40,000 ÷ 5000 = $8CM Ratio= $8/20 = 40%Example:A business has fixed costs of $100,000 per year, while the variable costs are 60% of total sales value. This would mean the contribution margin is 40%, since 100% 60%=40%In order to calculate break-even point in sale:Break-Even Point in Sales = Fixed Costs/contribution margin ratio= $100,000/40%= $ 250,000So, the company needs to sell goods worth $250,000 in order to break-even. Anything beyond this point will constitute as profit, and if the company falls short of this amount, the difference would be loss incurred.APPLICATION AND BENEFITSApplication of Break-even AnalysisCost CalculationBreak-even analysis is widely used to determine the number of units the business needs to sell in order to avoid losses. This calculation requires the business to determine selling price, variable costs and fixed costs. Once these n umbers are determined, it is fairly easy to calculate break-even point in units or sales value.Budgeting and Setting TargetsBreak-even charts and calculation be used for budgeting process, since the business know exactly how many units need to be sold in order to break-even. Moreover, the company is also aware of the profits the company will be able to earn at various points, which can be easily illustrated on a simple break-even chart. This can help business set realistic, achievable targets for itself.Motivational ToolBreak-even analysis also helps to motivate the employees, especially the sales staff, since it clearly shows the profits at various points of sales. The chart clearly shows the impact extra sales would have on the profitability of the company.Margin of SafetyMargin of safety is a tool which complements break-even analysis, since these two tool are interrelated. This concept is used when a major proportion of sales are likely to decline or in period of recession or ec onomic turn down. Managers can better make better production and sales decision if they know the margin of safety for a particular product or service. When the margin of safety is large, the business would want to try new pricing, marketing and take risks hoping to further increase sales and revenues. On the other hand, if the margin of safety is meager, managers are likely not to change anything, since any small change could trigger losses. In such a situation managers would want to reduce costs, so that margin of safety can be increased.The concept of margin of safety might not be useful for businesses with seasonal demand for their products or services, since there will be a lot of variations on monthly basis. The result could be complied for an entire year, so that seasonal fluctuations are removed.Margin of safety can be calculated by subtracting the current break-even point from current sales, and dividing by current level of sales.The formula (Version #1) is:Margin of safety = (Current Sales Level â€" Break-even Point)/Current Sales LevelThere are two ways to calculate margin of safety:If the company wishes to calculate margin of safety for a budgeted, future period, it can replace the current sales level with budgeted sales level.If a business wants to calculate margin of safety  (Version #2) for number of units sold, then instead of current sales level, selling price per unit in the denominator.Margin of safety = (Current Sales Level Break-even Point)/Selling Price per UnitFor example, a business considering expanding its factory. The expansion will increase business’s operating costs by $50,000. The table below shows how the concept of margin of safety can be employed to assess various situations:ExampleUse the following information to calculate margin of safety:Before ExpansionAfter ExpansionSales Price per Unit$50$50Variable Cost per Unit$30$30Total Fixed Cost$10,000$10,000Budgeted Sales$50,000$75,000Solution (Before Expansion)Break-even Sales U nits= $10,000 ÷ ($50 $30)= 500Budgeted Sales Units= $50,000 ÷ $50= 1,000Margin of Safety= (1000 - 500) ÷ 1,000= 50%Solution (After Expansion)Break-even Sales Units= $10,000 ÷ ($50 $30)= 500Budgeted Sales Units= $70,000 ÷ $50= 1,500Margin of Safety= (1500 - 500) ÷ 1,000= 100%The above example shows how an improvement in actual sales improved margin of safety for the business as the sales improved.Cost Control and MonitoringSince costs (Fixed and Variable) affect the profitability of the business directly, the managers can easily see these changes through break-even analysis. This would help them control costs, and make sure that they remain within a given range.Helps devise a pricing strategySelling price is an important determinant of break-even analysis. If managers have access to break-eve charts, they will be able to see the impact, changes in selling price has on the overall profitability. Hence, this tool provides more information for the mangers to make better pricing decision, considering the supply-side of the production process.CALCULATIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND INTERPRETATIONWorked ExampleFor example, if it costs $50 to produce a tire, and there are fixed costs of $500, the break-even point for selling the widgets would be:If selling for $100: 10 tires (Calculated as 500/ (100-50) =10)If selling for $150: 5 tires (Calculated as 500/ (150-50) =5)As it can be seen from the above example that, higher the selling price of a particular product, the break-even point is lower. One of the major flaws of break-even analysis is that it fails to take into account the demand-side of the business, since looking from a demand-side perceptive it would be easier to sell more units at lower price.Break-even point calculation is a rather simple calculation that can help businesses with forecasting costs and sales. As mentioned earlier, break-even point there is no profit, no loss. Ideally all business owners would want a lower break-even point, since beyond that po int there is profit for the business. The lower limit of profit is the break-even point.Key Assumption â€" Fixed Cost same, Variable Cost and Sales Price are kept constantBreak-even analysis assumes that per unit selling price and variable cost do not change, which is not always the case.Business in order to sell more goods and services often have to reduce prices. Sometimes prices are not in control of the business, since they depend on market conditions and other factors such as government regulation.Variable costs also change as material, labor and other indirect variable expenses could increase or decrease as quantity changes. For Example, Labor rates will increase due to overtime if more units are produced. Other variable cost could also vary with number of units. The break-even analysis also assumes that all units produced are also sold, which is not always the case. This tool fails to take into account the demand-side situation, since not all units produced are sold at the as sumed price.Difficulties And ApplicabilityAnother important aspect of business transaction that is missed in break-even calculation is principal balance of outstanding loans. The interest being paid on all loans should be part of fixed costs, but it is shown as an expense in the profit loss account.Graphical Construction â€" Break-Even DiagramBreak-even diagram (also known as break-even chart, see above) is a line graph used for break-even analysis to determine the break-even point, the point where business will make a profit or loss. Number of units are plotted on the horizontal (X) axis, and total sales/costs are plotted on vertical (Y) axis. Using the diagrammatical method, break-even point can be determined by pinpointing where the two (revenue and total costs) linear lines intersect. The total revenue and total cost lines are linear (straight lines), since prices and variable costs are assumed to be constant per unit. The Break-even diagram can be modified to reflect different situation with various prices and costs. The diagram clearly shows how a change in cost or selling price can impact the overall profitability of the business.In the diagram, the line of fixed cost in horizontal with the x-axis, which means it does not change with the quantity, since even if the output is zero, some costs have to be incurred. The total cost line represents the combined sum of both variable and total cost, since both must be taken into account in order to determine profitability.InterpretationIt is essential that the results from break-even analysis are interpreted correctly and the information is effectively utilized to make better, informed business decisions. For example, if a break-even analysis of a business reveal that 1000 units need to be produced to break-even. The managers need to assess whether or not they will be able to sell 1000 unit within a reasonable period of time given the market condition. Personal expectations and financial situation of the busin ess must also be taken into consideration. If the managers think that 1000 units can only be sold if price is lowered, break-even point should be re-calculated taking into account the change.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart A Prominent Musical Genius

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: A Prominent Musical Genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer of the classical period. He was born in 1756. In 1782, he married Constanze Weber and had six children—four of which passed away when they were infants (Grout, 540). One of their two other sons that lived followed his legacy of becoming a composer (Grout, 540). Mozart’s father was both a composer and a violinist, who began training him and his sister Nannerl musically at a very young age and took them on tours to demonstrate their talents (Hanning, 354). Mozart was a prodigy. It has been said that at the age of three, he had already been recognized to have perfect pitch and at the age of six he began composing (Hanning, 354). He was a virtuoso on the keyboard and prominent violinist (Grout, 540). Without a doubt, he was a master in music. In 1791, at the young age of 35 Mozart passed away (Hanning, 354). Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a renowned composer of the classical period. This prominent musical genius still impacts the world of music today in a significant way. His years of touring allowed him to explore many places in Europe as well as the music of those places (Taruskin, 439). Mozart’s experience of touring as a young prodigy allowed him to express the inner majesty of music. Through his compositions and performances, Mozart was able to depict the variety of moods and exposures within music in an effortless manner (Grout, 539). This depiction allowed Mozart toShow MoreRelated Life of Mozart Essays2866 Words   |  12 PagesRats and Mozart F.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ending Conclusion III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assessment and Evaluation A. Greatness of a Man B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His Ideals C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mozart and Saleiri D. The Legacy Lives On. Chapter I Mozart’s Prodigious Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without a doubt, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, was probably the greatest genius in Western musical history. 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The Deforestation Of The Amazon Rainforest - 1574 Words

A real life example of a social dilemma is the deforestation of the amazon rainforest. In the early 2000’s rapid industrialisation, immense scales of agriculture and other economic activities led to 20% of the territory being destroyed. The scale of destruction particularly, within Brazil was so large; NASA released an image confirming the effects were detectable from space, (Winter, 2014) Many of the contributing parties to the problem included, developers, subsistence farmers, cattle-ranchers, mining/quarrying, colonising and paper producers, (Butler, 2006). Let us take the later example; paper producers that became tempted by mass production felled for self-interest would have significantly risked depletion of the forest. The consequences would have been potentially catastrophic, the millions of species that the rainforest holds would have lost their habitats, (posing a risk of extinction) and 15% of the world’s carbon would have been released, (Scheer Moss, 2012) . 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I’m sure this may surprise some people because of the widespread concern of global warming and the affect it may have on future generations, but I don’t think the Brazilian governmentRead MoreDeforestation Of The Amazon Rainforest833 Words   |  4 Pages David Alas ENF 111 11/01/15 The Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest I. Introduction A. The Amazon Rainforest is one of the most important natural features of our planet, crucial to our way of life. However, what Godfrey (1990) described as â€Å"one of the world’s last great settlement frontiers† is severely under threat. B. According to some experts, during the past 40 years close to 20 % of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this figure could beRead MoreDeforestation of The Amazon Rainforest1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Amazon rainforest is perhaps the richest collection of plant and animals diversity in the world. 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Many argue that the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is wrongful because of its negative impact on the environment while others argue that it is necessary to keep the BrazilianRead MoreDeforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesDeforestation in the Amazon Rainforest: Human degradation and its consequences Deforestation is a word that displays an image of cruelty against nature. In any language, and on every continent, the word deforestation is frowned upon by all social classes, however why it is still happening? The consequences of this act that involves human beings willing to cut down trees, burning plants, and destroy habitats of animals are just actions to satisfy some human being. The Amazon rainforest covers variousRead MoreDeforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Deforestation is the clearing of a forest and/or cutting down of trees for human benefits such as agriculture, wood exports, etc. Deforestation is the cause of numerous environmental impacts such as habitat loss, flooding and soil erosion. It can also cause climate change, by reducing the amount of rainfall and changing the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface and increases the risk of forest . Tree growth is important for biodiversity because they absorb carbon dioxideRead MoreDeforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Essay2143 Words   |  9 PagesIdea 2: Problems can arise when one group pursues its own interests to the detriment of others. Deforestation in the Amazon has led to conflicting interests in the Amazon region. Potentially it can affect societies worldwide through global warming. In this assignment, I will agree or disagree with the following hypothesis: Deforestation in the Amazon benefits some people at the moment. It also causes problems for other people, both in Brazil and theRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest1093 Words   |  5 Pagesapproximately thirty percent (â€Å"Deforestation†). That is about nine percent of the world’s total surface. The largest rainforest is the Amazon River Basin, located in South America. The Amazon is home to many species of animals, insects, plants and trees. Many of the trees and plants in the Amazon produce about twenty percent of the oxygen on earth, and absorb carbon. However, the Amazon is decreasing in size every day due to the ongoing deforestation of the land. Deforestation is when the forest of theRead MoreTragedy of Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is the world largest rainforest with over 30 million different species of plants, animals and insects. The rainforest used to cover of the earths surface but today only covers . This is mainly because some parts of the forest are being rapidly deforested because the forest is so useful to so many people. Deforestation provides benefits for many different companies which wish to make large amounts of money. Also Brazil owes largeRead MoreImpact Of Deforestation On The Amazon Rainforest Of Brazil, South America, Impact The Environment?1493 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluation Research Summary The question researched was â€Å"How does deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil, South America, impact the environment?† The topic of deforestation in the Amazon was chosen as there is much concern about the problem and for the future of the Earth. There were different research processes used to discover new information about the problems in the Amazon rainforest such as, an interview with a person who currently lives in Brazil, annotating books, journals, internet

Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools Free Essays

Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools? The topic selected is should changes be made to the regulations for foods which are served in public schools. This topic is selected because of two reasons, first, education is the base of development on each level, whether it is on individual level, social level, economic level, or at national level. The second reason is, Government has opened public schools to provide education at minimum or no cost to the students and they also provide free or lost cost meal to them to make sure that they get the minimum calories to have a healthy body and sound mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools? or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the food served is generally not of a quality standard and that is why we often come across some news or the other about the degraded food quality. So the topic was selected to know more about the same. Thesis statement: Food leads to healthy mind and body, healthy mind and body leads to education, Education leads to development. Which means ultimately a healthy food can lead to development. So it is very important to eat well. National school lunch program: It is a federally assisted program of meal being operated in either nonprofit private schools or public schools and residential child care centers. The purpose of this meal program is to provide a low-cost of free meal to the kids of schools so that they maintain a balanced nutritional diet along with study. This program was started under National School Lunch Act, which was duly signed by President Harry Truman in 1946. The three major characteristics of my audience are, first, they are a mass of people and a mass of people can lead to change in decisions; second, the current view on this topic and third is awareness. Now the question which needs to be answered is do we need a change? If the answer is yes, then the time is now. Free meal or low-cost meal does not mean a low quality or limited quality and quantity of food materials. If the nutrition is not reached up to minimum level also then what is the use of giving free or low-cost meals to the students. Scope of study: The scope of this study is to find out the meals menu served, the minimum nutrition it gives to the students, the changes which it might need etc. Research design: The research design which can be used in this project is exploratory research design and Descriptive research design. Exploratory reveals all the Who, What, When, Why and How of the topic and it defines the problem. Descriptive research design is that research which describes the problem and finds a solution. Mode of data collection: Survey can be the best mode of data collection. It will include a questionnaire and some personal interviews. This will give the primary data. For secondary data, we will have to find out the old surveys done on this topic. Internet can be the best place to find secondary data. Sample: The sample for this project can be the schools or the private organizations which opts for free meal or low-cost meal. The teachers, the students etc can be the sample. The sample size will depend upon the availability of time and money for this project. Data Analysis: The data got from the primary and secondary survey can be analyzed using different statical tools to come to a certain result. Conclusion: This project is about the research that should there be a change in the meal provided at public schools or of the non-profit private schools. As the meal provided is generally not at par with the standard of the food quality approved by nutritionists so it needs to be changes. The foods do not contain fresh fruits, green vegetables, pulses or right amount of any nutrition filled foods so it is required to change the menu as differently as it can be so that proper nutrition can be given. References: H. Nanci, (1/25/2012), Government requires more fruits, veggies for school lunches, USA TODAY, retrieve from * http://yourlife.usatoday.com/fitness-food/diet-nutrition/story/2012-01-25/Government-requires-more-fruits-veggies-for-school-lunches/52779404/1 B.  Karen  Wednesday, (Jan. 26, 2011), Parents, Principals Don’t Like School Lunch Rules, Time U.S., retrieve from * How to cite Should changes be made to the regulations for foods, served in public schools?, Papers

Competition Australian Consumer Commission -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competition Australian Consumer Commission? Answer: Introducation The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) found that the advertisements displayed by the TPG Internet Pty Ltd. Were; Misleading and deceptive contrary to the ACL due to differences between the major headline offer and comparatively less significant terms which matches with the provided offer(Corrs, 2013). The ACCC also claimed that a number of advertisements were the breach of the regulations of the TPA because of its failure to specify in a highlighted manner and as a particular amount with a particular price for the bundle of services being provided by the company. The primary judge sustained the claims of the ACCC and considered a fiscal penalty of $2 million over the company(AustLII, 2013). It was claimed by ACCC that the advertisements of TPG contravened two statutory provisions, they are; It was claimed that the commercials were found to be misleading and deceptive because of its contravention with Section 52 of the TPA and Section 18 of the ACL because of exhibition of discrepancy between the important headline offer to the consumers and the comparatively less important advertisement matching with the offer(Dixon, 2013). It was stated that the publishing of initial advertisements and then the amended advertisement in continuance was the contravention of sections 52, 53(e), 53(g) and 53C of the TPA subsequent to its introduction to sections 18, 29(1)(i) and 29(1)(m) of Schedule 2 of the CCA (ACL)(Thampapillai et al., 2015). In this context, the ACCC claimed that several of the advertisements disobeyed section 53C (1) (c) of the TPA because of its failure to state in an important manner and as a particular offer at the solitary price for the bundle of services being presented by the company to the consumers(Battersby Webb, 2013). Bundling- The primary judge concluded the case on the basis of target audiences of the TPG, which constituted the extensive consumers of Australia in the region of the mainland city capitals, who were considered to be the potential users of the broadband internet services. It was determined by the judge that target audiences also incorporated the new users of the ADSL2+ services. It was also fund that because of varying range of available internet options, it was not easy for a reasonable consumer to assume whether the services being provided by the company were separate or bundled. Thus, it was established that the bundling condition operated in the situation as it doubled the monthly charge mentioned in the headline for the consumers as the further landline telephone charges was supposed to be an unnecessary service that was not realized and required by the consumers(High Court of Australia, 2013). Set-up fee- It was established by the primary judge that setup fees are always required for the purpose of broadband contracts maximum 2 years and the target consumers would be well aware about this fact. However, the impression of the dominant message that no further charges will be levied was preferred to be noticed by the consumers. If the intentions of the company were clear, then the advertisements were required to mention clearly about the requirement of further fee. It was found that there was lack of clarity in the offer of the company in advertisement on television, radio, internet and newspaper regarding the requirement of the setup fee(Edghill Edwards, 2013). Single price- It was determined by the primary judge that the company failed to importantly display the solitary price for the services being provided by the company in its initial advertisements on television, radio, internet and newspapers. It was established that the solitary price of $509.89 was not mentioned by the company for the package of services in an important manner in compliance with Section 53C (1) (c) of the TPA, in the preliminary advertisements by the company in television, newspapers and internet(Crennan Gageler, 2013). On the appeal of TPG to the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia, all the findings of the primary judge were put to one side and the pecuniary penalty of $2 million was lessened to $50,000 regarding the result of the contravention which was sustained by the court. In this context, the difference in approach claimed by the Full Court of Jacobson, Bennett, and Gilmour JJ were; It was not a point of dispute if the percentage of target audience were less interested in broadband internet along with landline telephone. Whether the dominant message in the advertisement should be characterized as misleading. In this context, the Full Court stated that considering solely the dominant message does not consider the requirement regarding the characteristics of the hypothetical readers or viewers, which include information related to the bundling process of services and the knowledge regarding applicability of the set-up charges. The Full Court stated that the legislation does not function for the benefits of such people who do not take responsibility of their personal interests. Section 18 of ACL does not compel an obligation on a party to provide the information so as to evade the cost or carelessness of another party having equivalent bargaining power as well as competency. Thus, the court stated that conduct can be considered as misleading or deceptive as per its inclination to direct into mistake. There is requirement to establish a sufficient contributory association between the conduct and the mistake taking into consideration the people exposed to it. The majority of the High Court that included French CJ, Crennan J, Bell J, and Keane J found that the Full Court made a mistake in its decision in following ways; The Full Court did a mistake in considering that the opinion of the primary judge was mistaken in considering the dominant message in the advertisement as significant. It was stated by the court that the target audiences could not have been anticipated to concentrate on the advertisements because of their focus on the matter of their purchase and their lack of dutiful attention did not account for their failure to take rational care regarding their benefits. Secondly, the Full Court made a mistake in failing to realize that the inclination of the commercials by TPG to deceive was not counterbalanced by the acknowledgment of the Full Court regarding the information of the target audience that ADSL2+ services by the company may be offered in the form of "bundle" with extra charges. It was held by the majority that the dominant message would definitely take priority over any kind of specific knowledge of the target audiences that ADSL2+ services were commonly offered in the form of bundle. In the opinion of the High Court, the Puxu case was dissimilar from the TPG advertisements in three respects, out of which two are; The target audiences of TPG are not such type of potential purchasers who emphasize upon the matter of their purchase in the showrooms. The advertisements were an interference over the awareness of the target audiences, which should not always be welcomed. The main purpose of the advertisements was to grab the attention of the target audiences. However, while the attention of the audiences might have been grabbed, it cannot be expected from the consumers to pay a close attention to the advertisement. The attention of the judges focused on listening and viewing the advertisements certainly not is gratified in order to examine them for the purpose of the proceedings of case. The Full Court rightly recognized that majority will only give perfunctory and general attention without taking into consideration the reasonable care of their own interests. Secondly, it was not the case in which, the tendency of the advertisements of the company were to mislead the consumers by providing attention closely to a part of the advertisement and ignoring the balance. The intention of the company was to mislead the consumers' select some words in the advertisement to be emphasized more upon and to transfer the remaining to comparative insignificance. If I was in a job in the marketing division of an internet services provider, in order to commence an advertising operation, which could promote an eye-catching plan for the membership to be considered by the potential customers, I will advise to consider certain aspects while preparing an advertisement; In the advertisement, it should be carefully assessed what the dominant message is conveying to the customers wherever, emphasis is placed or headline is used in the advertisements. It would be safe not to assess the interpretation of the ordinary reasonable customer about the assumed knowledge regarding the product through the advertisement and everything should be clearly explained. Deterrence or avoidance can be considered as a fundamental issue in the assessment of penalty for the breach under the existing business law of the region if the motivating power behind the misleading conduct of the company is proved to be the commercial gain for the company. Therefore, it will be recommended that the advertisement should be clearly explaining the offers and services provided by the company along with the exact amount of fee to be paid by the customers and the benefits if it occurs. Everything should be mentioned in the advertisement in order to avoid any kind of confusions in future. References AustLII, 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54 (12 December 2013). [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/HCA/2013/54.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(Australian%20Competition%20and%20Consumer%20Commission%20and%20TPG%20Internet%20Pty%20) [Accessed 16 Sepember 2017]. Battersby, M. Webb, K., 2013. Advertising and the ACL: Fine print couldn't save TPG Internet in the High Court. [Online] Available at: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2013/december/advertising-and-the-acl-fine-print-couldn-t-save-tpg-internet-in-the-high-court [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Corrs, 2013. High Court reinstates $2 million penalty against TPG. [Online] Available at: https://www.corrs.com.au/publications/corrs-in-brief/high-court-reinstates-2-million-penalty-against-tpg/ [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Crennan, B. Gageler, K.J., 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54. [Online] Available at: https://www.jade.world/case/2013HCA54 [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Dixon, K., 2013. ACCC v TPG - The ACCC Bites Back in a High Court Win Overruling TPGs Successful Appeal. [Online] Available at: https://www.addisonslawyers.com.au/knowledge/assetdoc/7f0dda0ad438ee0d/ACCC%20-%20TPG%201068319_1.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Edghill, K. Edwards, M., 2013. Australia: ACCC v TPG Internet Pty Limited: High Court rules on claims of misleading headline advertising. [Online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/281682/advertising+marketing+branding/ACCC+v+TPG+Internet+Pty+Limited+High+Court+rules+on+claims+of+misleading+headline+advertising [Accessed 16 September 2017]. High Court of Australia, 2013. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54. [Online] Available at: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2013/hca54-2013-12-12.pdf [Accessed 16 September 2017]. Thampapillai, D., Tan, V., Bozzi, C. Matthew, A., 2015. Australian Commercial Law. Cambridge University Press.

Italian Renaissance Arts Affect On Essays - Western Art, Renaissance

Italian Renaissance Art's Affect On Italian Renaissance Art's Affect on Today's Culture World History David 1 Many of us today have things in our culture that we appreciate without thinking about where they have come from. The things we enjoy so much could be from another culture, and even another place in time. This document will explore the influence of Italian Renaissance art on today's civilization, which has greatly changed the art of today. The Renaissance was a time period that began in the early 1300's and lasted into the 1600's. It was a time when the philosophies of the ancient Greek and Romans were rediscovered, which took place after the Middle Ages. Many of the philosophies of the Middle Ages were no longer accepted, and the Renaissance brought about a revamped way of thinking and learning, based on the Greek and Roman culture. The thinkers and humanists had much to do with the direction of the Renaissance, but the artists also had significant importance. Artists are not philosophers, although in the Renaissance they come very close to sharing in the philosophical enterprise(Gardener 561). The Renaissance was about individualism. Renaissance painters were attempting to do the same as Renaissance writers, who wanted to interpret people and nature realistically (World Book) . Architects of the Middle Ages designed huge cathedrals to emphasize the majesty and grandeur of God. Renaissance architects designed building s on a smaller scale David2 to help make people aware of their own powers and dignity (World Book). The artists of the Middle Ages focused primarily on religious subjects, not focusing on making their art realistic. During the Renaissance, all that changed. Artists then included an emphasis on human beings and the environment, which shown that this is indication of changes in their culture at the time. Renaissance individualism and realism found their greatest and most lasting representation in the visual arts (Walker 77). There were many great artists spread across the time of the Renaissance. Some of them were leading the way in new artistic techniques created during the Renaissance, while others used inspiration from a past artisan to establish their own styles and methods. About a century before the art caught on, a Florentine painter by the name of Giotto was the first to break away from the Middle Age style of painting. Giotto was the towering artistic genius of the 14th century, so far ahead of his time that no other painter approached his level of work for almost a hundred years (Walker 78). Even though Giotto was ahead, he lacked the awareness of perspective, but he used space, light, and color to create a very strong sense of the human form, along with a storyteller's ability to capture the central moment in a particular scene (Walker 78). One of the important pieces of the revolution that David 3 Giotto started was that he established painting as a major art for the next six centuries, and he also founded the method of pictorial experiment through observation (Gardener 568). After Giotto there was a architect that came along in the early 1500's that rediscovered the classical Greco-Roman style and the rediscovery of artificial perspective, which allows a painter to paint something three-dimensional on a two-dimensional plane (Walker 78). Some of his most famous works are the Cathedral Dome in Florence, and the bronze Baptistery doors he won a contest with. It was said that no space so vast had ever been spanned since the Pantheon in ancient Rome, and no dome had ever been built at this height about the huge dome that was built (Silver 162). There was also Michelangelo, who it was said that through him, art in Italy attained the 'supreme perfection'(Silver 162). He produced a marble statue of David, which symbolized his own heroic personal striving to express spiritual beauty through art (Silver 162). The next vital artisan of the Renaissance was very diverse in what he specialized in. Today, we use the term Renaissance man to describe someone who can do many things well. Many of the Renaissance's prominent figures deserved this description, but there is one that fits this description the most, Leonardo da Vinci. He painted, worked as an architect, engineer, and a general designer, of pageant scenery and costumes

Tech Resources for Early Childhood Educators

Tech Resources for Early Childhood Educators This is a self-guided tour of useful resources for early childhood educators to encourage thinking about how technology can be used in purposeful ways with young children. For a digital handout that accompanies this tour, please click here.   Examining the Possibilities with Kindergartners and Technology Here are three fun videos related to using technology in early childhood classrooms. Miss Nelson is MissingiPad Artwork Inspired by Peter Reynolds The DotIntegrating Technology in a Kindergarten Classroom Next, explore these sites for other ideas. Note that these teachers are using technology with students to create and publish. They are not using tech at lower levels on Blooms Taxonomy. Young children CAN do more sophisticated work!   The Connected Kinders: Turning iPad Experiments into Adventures in Innovative LearningGoing on a Bear Hunt Using QR CodesHow Kristi Meeuwse Teaches with an iPadTalking Animal ReportsEdutopias Resources for Using iPads in Grades K-2 Exploring iPad Apps iPads are amazing devices for content creation, not just consumption! Ideally, educators should strive to provide opportunities for student voice and choice, designing lessons and projects that allow students of all ages to create content. Heres a collection of apps are more focused on creation than consumption and if you havent seen Osmo, check out this device that using iPads to create really innovative learning games for kids.   Other places to find high quality ed tech materials: AppolearningGraphiteKindertownKinderchat Symbaloo Publishing with Young Children Publishing should be a universal activity in all early childhood classrooms. Check out the following iBook examples:   The Adventures of the Monkey and the Cat by KinderPris Ridge International SchoolConnecting Classrooms: Activities to Promote Global Collaboration by Ben SheridanFamily Time with Apps by the Joan Ganz Cooney FoundationGlobal Book: Schools Around the World by Kristen PainoGlobal Book: Shelters Around the World by Kristen PainoA Global iBook by Meg WilsonInspired Young Authors by Jane RossMy Pet Monster by Jason Sand and Others Building Your Own ECE Personal Learning Network Use social media to enhance your own learning and to connect to others. Here are a few suggestions to get started with connecting to other educators and learning from their best practices. First, join Twitter, and start following other ECE educators and organizations. Then, start participating in Kinderchat, a Twitter chat where kindergarten teachers come together to discuss relevant topics and share resources. Finally, start finding ideas for your classroom by perusing the following blogs and pinterest boards. Blogs Enabling EnvironmentsiTeach with iPadsPassion for EYFSTechnology in Early Childhood Pinterest Augmented RealityKid World CitizenKindergarten - iPadThe Kindergarten SmorgasboardPlayful Learning Investigating Making and Tinkering The Maker Education movement is growing within US schools. What does this look like in early childhood classrooms? Starting points for further exploration may include TinkerLab. Some early childhood classrooms are also exploring the possibilities of digital making through robotics and coding. Check out Bee-Bots, Dash and Dot, Kinderlab Robotics, and Sphero.   Connecting Globally The first step to connecting globally is to get connected yourself. Use social media to meet other teachers, and youll find that project opportunities will organically happen. Projects tend to be more successful when professional relationships are established first; people just seem to be more invested if connections happen first. If you are new to global projects, youll want to get to the point where youre co-designing experiences for students with virtual colleagues. In the meantime, join existing communities and projects in order to get a feel for the project design process. Below are a few starting points and exemplars: The Global Classroom ProjectHello Little World SkypersProjects by JenSkype in the ClassroomiEARN USA Thinking About PD and Additional Resources   Face to face professional development opportunities also an ideal way to participate in professional development. For early childhood specific events, we recommend the NAEYC Annual Conference and the Leveraging Learning  conference. For general ed tech information, think about attending ISTE and if youre interested in creative uses of technology and the Maker Movement, consider attending Constructing Modern Knowledge.   Also, the  Chicago-based Erikson Institute has a site devoted to the role of educational technology in early years classrooms.  This site is a unique resource dedicated to helping early childhood professionals and families make informed decisions about tech. Finally, weve curated a massive list of ECE resources in an Evernote notebook. Well be continuing to add to this, and are welcome to browse our collection!

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Ethics - Essay Example e that the engineers of Telecommunications did influence the decision-making process by establishing engineering specifications that only BNC could meet. The engineers received free travel and lodging from BNC but only after the job was completed. Is there anything wrong with this picture? Yes, if the situation transpired as has been described above, then the kick backs for free travel are merely extended as a direct result of the prior unethical level of business interaction between the two parties in question (Santoro, 2010). 3. Do you think that Ed Keller is right to be concerned about the values of Telecommunications and the senior engineers who accepted the offers of free travel and lodging? Why or why not? If you believe that Keller’s concerns are warranted, which values should be of concern to him? He is right to be concerned; however, he must also be careful with regards to appearing to overstep the boundaries of his job description. Ultimately, entire ethics departments and legal teams exist as a means of understanding the unique nuances of performing business in transnational settings; however, if legitimately concerned with regards to the bid process, he should have merely asked what was standard accepted practice rather than appearing to question the legality or ethical nature of the engagement that took place in Colombia (Cragg & Muchlinski, 2013). In this way he would not have come across in an accusatory tone but instead appeared as if he were merely hoping to gain a greater level of knowledge with regards to standard

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) Essay

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) influence of knowledge management and organizational learning to an organization to form competitive advantage - Essay Example nt position in this as they are the real â€Å"knowledge producers† and hence any new knowledge that a company looks for is produced courtesy through these people. (Rocca, 1992) Competitive success is basically commanded by the companys capability to harness and indeed develop new forms of knowledge, gained either by observation or by experience attained, which can be called as assets that in turn create the required â€Å"core competencies† of the said organization. (Sims, 2002) While these competencies do exist in many forms, learning on the part of a particular company plays a pivotal role, which eventually ventures into other resources of knowledge to generate high-class and exceptional showing from the company’s employees. (Dunn, 2001) Core competencies, which usually flow out of a company, provide characteristic benefits to both the customers as well as any other individuals attached with it. These are generally espied as being the foundation of forming a competitive advantage within the said company. (Chang, 2001) It is quite true that there is a host of ways in which new knowledge within a company is facilitated within its ranks. The need here is to classify them with respect to their importance, which include the cultural infrastructure can be changed within a company so as to gather some proportion to the fact of the actual remains that have to be taken care of in the company and in its employees’ minds. It demands idealization and disclosure of everlasting knowledge that is created over a certain period of time. This usually requires basic changes to already set cultural notions in companies and more so in the minds of their employees. (Fahy, 1996) Also operational infrastructure is changed through human resources organizational practices that are managed and received by the employees and other people in a different way altogether. A basic revamping of a knowledge-centered company is required here, which would involve the job ladders, compensations,

A Cloud Based Immune System For Computers Information Technology Essay

A Cloud Based Immune System For Computers Information Technology Essay Cloud Computing is a Web-based processing, where services are hosted on the Internet. Resources like infrastructure, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand over the Internet. It is in the 1960s that the concept of Cloud Computing first emerged as described by John McCarthy, computation may someday be organized as a public utility. From the 1960s to the 1990s, Cloud Computing has barely improved. In the 1990s, there was a major advancement of bandwidth that triggered the development of Cloud Computing. Salesforce.com, which came along in 1999, introduced the idea of distributing business software through websites. Four years later, Amazon Web Services expended the could-based services to storage, computation as well as human intelligence. Amazon Web Services then built the first Cloud Computing infrastructure that now offers worldwide access. C:UsersKanika AgarwalDesktopTECH COMMUNICATIONS300px-Cloud_computing.svg.png Cloud computing has already become an integral part of peoples lives today. A search engine that we are use every day is the simplest example. As a recent technology, only few researches have been done in this area. Cloud Computing is still an involving paradigm. Therefore, an accurate and comprehensive definition of Cloud Computing is currently unavailable. Cloud security involves the same fundamental issues as any computer security program. These include: restricting access to authorized users, maintaining the integrity of data, and ensuring the availability of data and services. When data and services reside on servers external to the campus, safeguarding those assets involves additional concern. Encrypting data transit is important, as are the service providers security procedures. Cloud computing typically uses server virtualization, and if the virtualization isnt secure, data from one segment of a server could escape into another area. Cloud based immune systems are very efficient in solving problems related to computer software which use the idea of cloud computing. Such softwares gather the data and information from the cloud to process its application. A new approach for managing bugs in computer software, Dimmunix, has been developed by a team led by Prof. George Candea at EPFL. Deadlock immunity is a property by which programs, once afflicted by a deadlock pattern, develop the ability to avoid future occurrences of that deadlock pattern. Overtime, programs with such an immune system progressively increase their resistance to deadlocks.  Dimmunix is a tool for giving software systems an immune system against deadlocks, without any assistance from programmers or users. It is well suited for general purpose software (desktop and enterprise applications, server software, etc.) and a recent extension allows application communities to collaborate in achieving enhanced immunity. It also enables entire networks of c omputers to cooperate in order to collectively avoid the manifestation of bugs in software. Literature Review The Dependable Systems  Lab  at  EPFL  in  Switzerland  has  developed a new IT  tool,  called  Dimmunix,  which  allows  programs  to  prevent future  recurrence  of bugs  without  any  assistance  from  the users  or programmers. The approach, called failure  immunity, starts working  for the  first  time a bug occurs. It saves  the signature of the  bugs,  and then  observes how the  computer reacts  and  records a trace.  When the  bug  is about to attack again,  Dimmunix  uses these trace to recognize the error and automatically changes  the execution  so  that  the program  continues  to  run smoothly. The use of cloud computing technology means the tool that can protect the entire network of computer bugs, even in an environment like the Internet. (Sparky3887, 2010)   With  Dimmunix, the  web browser  learns how to avoid freezing when the bugs related to plug-ins happen.  Moving  a step  further,  using  the  latest  version  of  cloud computing technology,  they take an advantage of network and therefore immunize the entire communities of computer. Dimmunix  could  be  compared  with the  human  immune  system. When  the  body is infected, the immune system  develops  antibodies. Then,  when  the  immune system encounters the same  pathogen again,  the  body  recognizes  and  knows  how  to effectively  combat the  disease. Based  on  the principle of  cloud computing,  the computers  participating  in  the Dimmunix application community benefit from vaccines automatically produced whenever the first manifestation of a given bug occurs within that community. The new version of Dimmunix programs is safely protected from the bugs, even in environments as unreliable as the internet. At present, for the computer programmers, Dimmunix works for all programs used widely by private individuals and companies.  It is useful for programs written in Java and C / C + +, obtained on real systems software (JBoss, MySQL, ActiveMQ, Apache httpd, MySQL, JDBC, Java JDK, and Limewire).  (Carron-Gasco, 2010) If the browser crashes or the application gives up the ghost, it might be required to send an error report to the creator of the program.  Following the crashes, one would probably start to wonder if the error reports were even read. This is not the case for Dimmunix. It learns from crashes, bugs and errors without assistance from the user or for a programmer, to automatically prevent replication of the same deadlock in the future.   This approach starts to work for the first time a crash occurs.  Dimmunix saves a signature of the error, see how the computer reacts and tracks a record.  The next time the bug appears, Dimmunix will be able to recognize the error, step in and influence the application so as to not hit the same deadlock again. Dimmunix does not actually change the code or try to fix the bug.  It does not touch the program at all.  Dimmunix amends interleaving of program threads from below the program in question, so as to run the program without any deadlocks. With subtle manipulations of the program schedules, the deadlocks can be avoided without compromising the program code or influence the behaviour of typical applications. The Dependable Systems Lab boasts that Dimmunix has been proven to work on many real systems, using all kinds of programming languages such as MySQL, ActiveMQ, Apache and JDK forJava, while only introducing modest performance overhead. It has also proven itself to be effective in a test case of 100 errors, Dimmunix has managed to avoid all the deadlocks and run each test to completion. The latest version of Dimmunix goes one step further. Inspired by the cloud computing, the software uses the experiences and information from an entire connected community to share bug reports and fixes. This obviously opens the system up to a host of potential problems such as privacy worries and malicious denial-of-service attacks.  There is actually no concern for privacy, because the deadlock signatures solely contain a fingerprint of a segment of execution and absolutely no data, neither of the user nor of the program itself. As for malicious attacks, the new Dimmunix employs a quick verification technique that allows each Dimmunix runtime to receive a deadlock signature and check it before actually employing it to avoid hangs. (Brown, 2010) Results and Discussion Case Study The concept of cloud computing evokes different perceptions in different people. The word Cloud itself reflects the idea of how it works. In cloud computing, processing is not in a specified, known or in a static place. Cloud computing is still in the phase of a developing technology. Currently there have been some attempts to use this technology in solving the immunity problems in modern computers. Cloud based immune systems are very efficient in solving problems related to computer software which use the idea of cloud computing. Such software gathers the data and information from the cloud to process its application. These include: Cloud software development platform: software platform to host cloud-based enterprise applications such as Windows Azure, Google Software used to maintain cloud based infrastructure (Servers, storage, security and databases) like Amazon Web services and Sun Microsystems etc. These software integrate the technique of cloud computing in the background to process their applications. The method of how this software uses this particular technique will be discussed below by randomly choosing a simple software more commonly known as Windows Azure. Azure platform lessens its emphasis on the desktop by shifting more resources to web-based products. It just uses the end user computer to run the software. All the data and information are stored in the cloud. By doing so it has an access to vast amount of data stored in the cloud. Since it is open to a vast arena of cloud, the software has the ability to counter itself from errors that occur as it runs. (Tim Mther, 2009) 3.1 Problems in Cloud Computing There are a large number of problems/errors that the cloud based software faces in the current era of computing. These errors can be divided into two main categories. They are viruses and issues due to immature technology. Some of them are listed below: Kernal mode rootkits: This uses the hypervisor technology to run. It affects the system by installing itself as a hypervisor below the OS. By doing so, it becomes more difficult to detect. Viruses: There are two kinds of viruses. They are non-resident and resident viruses. Non-resident resident viruses consist of finding and replicating modules. Finder modules find new files and call the replicating module to infect that particular file. Resident viruses, when executed, load into the memory and execute when a particular file of its interest start to run. (wikipedia, Computer Viruses) Lock overhead: the extra resources using for locks like memory space allocated for locks, CPU time to initialise the lock and destroy a lock etc Lock contention: This occurs whenever one process attempts to acquire a lock held by another process. Deadlock: The situation when each of the two tasks is waiting for a lock that another task holds. Unless something is done, the two tasks will wait forever. (Wikipedia) The above mentioned errors are some of the vulnerabilities that can be treated using cloud based immune systems. Here, the deadlock will be studied in detail in order to describe how it can be resolved using cloud based systems. The pros and cons of the particular system will also be discussed below. Deadlock A deadlock refers to a specific condition where two or more demanding performance are waiting for each other to free a resource, or many actions are waiting in a circular chain for resource. This results in both the programs ceasing their function. When we consider multiprocessing,  in which many processes share a particular type of mutually exclusive resource, deadlock is commonly known as a software lock  or  soft lock. It is tremendously vulnerable in the case where multiple threads coexist in the same address space of a system. Dead lock remains the ultimate bug when there is a trade-off among two problems. The deadlocks are troubling mainly because there is no  Ã‚  solution to avoid them and only possible way to attack such a situation is by having a deadlock detector and a breaking mechanism or system. (Deadlocks, 2011) There are four essential and adequate conditions known as Coffman Conditions  for a deadlock to take place. These include: Mutual exclusion  condition-A particular resource that cannot be used by more than one program at a time Hold and wait  condition-Process which holds some resources but at the same time requests for new ones No  pre-emption  condition-Resources cannot be forcibly removed from a process holding them but can only be released by the explicit action of the process. Circular wait  condition: More than one processes form a circular chain where each process waits for a resource while the subsequent process in that chain holds. 3.2.1 Avoidance or Prevention Removing the  mutual exclusion  condition is one way to avoid the dead lock. Another way is by requiring a process, to request for all the resources they will need before starting up. As it will not be an efficient use of resources, it is better to use algorithms such as  lock-free and wait-free algorithms  ,  optimistic concurrency control and solution, that permit pre-emption and avoid circular waits. Dead locks can be avoided if certain information about processes is accessible in advance, but for many systems, it is impossible to know the required resource information well in advance. (Detecting and Ending Deadlocks) 3.2.2 Technology against deadlock occurrence Algorithms which are used mainly to avoid the dead lock are: Bankers algorithm-This is used for the dead lock avoidance but requires the advance knowledge of resource limit, which is impossible most of the time. Wait/Die and Wound/Wait algorithms-This uses a symmetry-braking technique. It can avoid the dead lock occurrence but it is only by allowing one of the processes to become an unsafe condition. In most deadlock detections, process restarts are used by employing an algorithm to remove the deadlock by tracking resource allocation and process states. It is because detecting the possibility of a deadlock  before  it happen is very difficult. The deadlock detection techniques such as Deadlock Checker Tool and Model checking and detecting and Ending Deadlocks are examples. (Deadlocks, 2011) Model checking-It constructs a finite state -model on which it performs analysis to find out all possible terminal sets in the model, in which each of them represents a dead lock. Deadlock Checker Tool-It performs a variety of checks on parallel programs written in CSP in order to establish freedom from deadlock. Detecting and Ending Deadlocks-The SQL Server Database Engine detects deadlock cycles within the Server and chooses one of the sessions as a deadlock victim to be terminated. 3.3 Dimmunix : A Tool for DEADLOCK Operating reliably without any effect by bugs is one of the biggest challenges in Cloud Computing. Prof. George Candea and Cristian Zamfir worked on a project to solve this problem and came up with a solution, which was developed by DSL (Dependable Systems Lab) at Ecole Polytechnique Fà ©dà ©rale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. More commonly known as Dimmunix, it has a self-healing mechanism and is called failure immunity. It studies the failure which occurs due to bugs for the first time and saves bugs digital signature. It also observes how a computer reacts subsequently in order to overcome the failure and trace the track of the reaction. Dimmunix functions on an on-going basis. When the program threads make the method calls, Dimmunix observes its order in which they occur. It then identifies the specific method-call sequences that results in dead-lock. Using the identified method calls and program-execution processes, Dimmunix traces and stores it as a digital signature. (A Cloud-Based Immune System For Computers).When the bug tries to enter the system again, Dimmunix uses this signature to identify the bug and traces the track to prevent the system from deadlock which occurred in the past by the same bug. It does so by making changes in the sequence in which threads run, to prevent the conflicts that can cause deadlock in the host system. So the system continues to work smoothly without any interruption as it worked before the bug entered the system. (Failure Immunity Mechanisms for Embedded Software in Consumer Devices). Dimmunix is comparable with our immune system, where both have similar functions. When we are infected, the human immune system develops antibodies to protect us from infectious agents. If our body encounters the same agent again, the immune system will recognize the pathogen and fight effectively to overcome the illness. Dimmunix also reacts for bugs in the same manner as how the immune system reacts for pathogen, and prevents system from deadlocks which has been described in the above section. (Deadlock). Dimmunix need no assistance from programmers or users and can act as an immune system in software systems to act against deadlock. For general purpose, softwares such as desktop OS, server software, and enterprise applications, Dimmunix is well suited. A recent extension of Dimmunix can even allow the application communities to collaborate in achieving superior immunity. (Garber) Quoting the lines of Professor George Candea, director of Dependable Systems Lab We do not touch the p rogram at all. Dimmunix modifies the interleaving of program threads from underneath the program in question, so as to essentially trick the program into running without deadlocking.Its almost as if the program is rolling down the hill, heading for a collision with a tree, and with a slight impulse from the side you alter the programs trajectory just enough for it to avoid hitting the tree and continue running as if it was never in danger. (wired.co.uk, 2010) Dimmunix is a prototype tool which does not need a central sever, platform-independent, and even runs on mobile devices. It has been built to work with application written in programming languages like Java, C and C++. It is,also, effective on various systems that consist of MySQL ,SQLite databases, Limewire peer to-peer file-sharing client JBoss application server, Apache ActiveMQ message broker, and Java Development Kit(JDK). 3.3.1 Dimmunix and Cloud computing technology After the Dependable Systems Lab of Switzerland developed the technology called Dimmunix, it has undergone various kinds of experiments in enhancing that particular technology. One such experiment is the incorporation of cloud computing into the Dimmunix. What is cloud computing and how is it being integrated into Dimmunix? These are the two important questions in this scenario. Cloud computing is computation, software, data access and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/300px-Cloud_computing.svg.png delivers that services (wikipedia, cloud computing). Figure X shows the cloud computing conceptual diagram. Cloud computing is actually a byproduct of the ease of access to remote computing sites provided by the internet. It always works in the form of web based application or tools. End users can use these tools through internet web browsers in such a way that they were installed locally on their own computers. The key characteristics of cloud computing is that the cloud is in the cloud itself. That is the processing of the data is not taking place in a specified static places. When Dimmunix integrates this technology, it can do wonders. In cloud computing, once Dimmunix is installed in the computers, it acts like a vaccine for the entire system in cloud. Once the signature of a bug is saved, it will be exchanged among other Dimmunix servers in the cloud and the entire cloud will be protected from a deadlock. The deadlocks need not occur in each and every computer in the network for the first time. If it has occurred in any workplace in a cloud, it is enough to protect the cloud from the same deadlock again. (Dimmunix: A crowdsourced immune system for computers) This integration of cloud computing in Dimmunix opens the system up to a host of potential problems such as privacy worries and malicious denial of service attacks. Professor Candea assures that there is actually no concern for privacy, because the deadlock signatures contain solely a fingerprint of a segment of execution [and] absolutely no data, neither of the user nor of the program itself. As for malicious attacks, the new Dimmunix employs a quick verification technique that allows each Dimmunix runtime to receive a deadlock signature and check it before actually employing it to avoid hangs. (wired.co.uk, 2010) Advantages Users can install the Dimmunix on individual computers as an efficient immune system against deadlock as it does not need a central server for its function. According to Researcher George Candea, assistant professor and director of EPFLs Dependable Systems Lab, Dimmunix technology is platform-independent and could even run on mobile devices. (Garber) Disadvantages Dimmunix is not user friendly as it cannot be used by everybody who is a computer literate. Dimmunix cant prevent the deadlock occurrence. It needs a particular dead lock to occur at least once in order to develop the immunity. That is, the system must experience a bug-related deadlock before the tool can create defences. It can be considered as Dimmunix key weakness. Another incapability of the Dimmunix is that, its particular approach to handle dead lock situations does not work with deterministic bugs. It is because deterministic bugs can cause crashes under specific circumstances regardless of thread schedules. (Garber) Suggestions Currently Dimmunix is only being used to solve deadlock problems. But as seen in section x, there are a lot other bugs out in this computer world. It would be better if the technology can be developed in such a way that it can used to apply as an immune system to such a vast variety of problems.

Guidelines for Report Essay

   †¢We focus on just the executive summary, because in your career that is what management will most often read from your report. The focus is on the logic of your argument and how well your report builds a clear coherent business case for decision makers. This means part of your task is to decide what information to include in your summary and what information is not essential. Your writing will need to be crisp and precise. †¢There are multiple potentially correct answers to this case. The quality of your summary comes down to how well you can justify your conclusions and how persuasive your argument is. Therefore, you will need to consider not just what you say but how and why you say it. †¢This report will require you to apply techniques covered in MGB309. Not all the techniques will necessarily be applicable or helpful. Part of your job as an analyst is to identify and apply the right tools and techniques for your analyses. †¢Adequately conducting the analyses will not guarantee an excellent mark. It is an important but not the only part of the process. A really good summary requires that you synthesise your information to build a compelling case rather than just report findings. The assignment requires that you demonstrate your understanding of strategic management through application of your strategic analysis knowledge. †¢Showing where you obtained the data from through appropriate referencing is an important aspect to substantiate your analysis. The references you use may be checked. If you use ideas that are not yours but are taken from a resource you have to reference it. Remember that the quality of the source will determine the credibility of the argument. Referring to essays from other students found on the internet is therefore highly inappropriate.

To The Grils Who Are Going to College Tone Essay

â€Å"To Girls Who Are Going to College† by Helen Keller, Keller uses an overarching passionate tone that shifts from reminiscent to Instructive In order to strengthen college women's confidence. Through repetition of the word â€Å"you†, Keller comes across as sentimental, almost as if she is trying to recall her own memories in the eyes of the reader. By trying to reenact her memories in the form of writing, Keller succeeds in drawing the audience together to sympathize with college women.On the other hand, women visualize themselves through her memories and become reassured that everything will work out fine. Seller's reflective tone is mainly seen in the beginning of the essay, but her nostalgia carries on throughout the whole passage. As the nostalgia starts to fade away towards the end of the reading, Keller transitions into a more commanding, motherly type role and takes advantage of the use of imperative words to convince college women to follow her, while not s ounding o hostile.Sentences start off with authoritative verbs and turn into pieces of advice, such as â€Å"do not forget†, â€Å"Learn from your books†, and â€Å"Rebel against the hardness and injustice†. Keller asserts her ideas in a more friendly and loving way, which enables the audience to obey her advice without thinking she is too authoritative. In return, college women feel empowered by her insights and gain strength leading up to the school year. Helen Keller manages to speak to the audience through her passion by petition and verb usage.By connecting her own memories with the future, Keller enables women to see things through her own eyes. She helps them realize, through use of an overarching passionate tone, that most things will not be expected, but to still push through either way. To The Grills Who Are Going to College Tone Essay By Nikolas passionate tone that shifts from reminiscent to instructive in order to strengthen college women's confiden ce. Through repetition of the word â€Å"you†.

Definition and Examples of Voice in Phonetics

In phonetics  and phonology, voice refers to the speech sounds produced by the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords). Also known as voicing. Voice quality refers to the characteristic features of an individuals voice.Voice range (or vocal range) refers to the range of frequency or pitch used by a speaker. Etymology From the Latin call. Examples and Observations John Laver[O]ur social interaction through speech depends on much more than solely the linguistic nature of the spoken messages exchanged. The voice is the very emblem of the speaker, indelibly woven into the fabric of speech. In this sense, each of our utterances of spoken language carries not only its own message, but through accent, tone of voice and habitual voice quality it is at the same time an audible declaration of our membership [in] particular social and regional groups, of our individual physical and psychological identity, and of our momentary mood. The Speech Mechanism Beverly CollinsThe overwhelming majority of sounds found in human speech are produced by an egressive pulmonic airstream, i.e. an outgoing stream of air produced by the lungs contracting (partially collapsing inwards) and thus pushing the air contained within them outwards. This airstream then passes through the larynx (known familiarly as the Adams apple) and along a tube of the complex shape formed by the mouth and nose (termed the vocal tract). A variety of muscles interact to produce changes in the configuration of the vocal tract so as to allow parts of the speech organs to come into contact (or near contact) with other parts, i.e. to articulate. Phoneticians term these anatomical bits and pieces the articulators--hence the term for the branch of science known as articulatory phonetics...The vocal folds (also called the vocal cords) vibrate very rapidly when an airstream is allowed to pass between them, producing what is termed voice--that is, a sort of buzz which one can hear a nd feel in vowels and in some consonant sounds. Voicing Peter RoachIf the vocal folds vibrate we will hear the sound that we call voicing or phonation. There are many different sorts of voicing that we can produce--think of the differences in the quality of your voice between singing, shouting, and speaking quietly, or think of the different voices you might use reading a story to young children in which you have to read out what is said by characters such as giants, fairies, mice or ducks; many of the differences are made with the larynx. We can make changes in the vocal folds themselves--they can, for example, be made longer or shorter, more tense or more relaxed or be more or less strongly pressed together. The pressure of the air below the vocal folds (the subglottal pressure) can also be varied [in intensity, frequency, and quality]. The Difference Between Voiced and Voiceless Sounds Thomas P. KlammerTo feel the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds for yourself, place your fingers on your Adams apple and produce first the sound of /f/. Sustain that sound for a few seconds. Now quickly switch to the sound of /v/. You should be able to feel very clearly the vibration that accompanies the sound of /v/, which is voiced, in contrast to the absence of such vibration with /f/, which is voiceless. Voicing is the result of moving air causing the vocal folds (or vocal cords) to vibrate within the larynx behind the cartilage of the Adams apple. This vibration, your voice, is what you feel and hear when you sustain the sound of /v/. Resources Collins, Beverley, and Inger M. Mees.  Practical Phonetics and Phonology: a Resource Book for Students. 3rd ed., Routledge, 2013.Klammer, Thomas P., et al.  Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson, 2007.Laver, John.  Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge University Press, 1994.Roach, Peter.  English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. 4th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009.